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Query: UMLS:C0016632 (Fox)
 1,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The largest excess in tumor incidence due to pollution (616%) was observed in the fish species: Ictalurus nebulosis (the brown bullhead). Extensive analysis of waters on the Fox River in Illinois disclosed a heavy chemical and physical organic and inorganic materials far exceeding State and Federal minimal safety standards. Additional tests showed the presence of numerous human viral agents in the Fox River. Certain chemicals in the water appear to be potential carcinogens for fish. Two types of leukemia were found in 11% of the Esox lucius caught in the Fox River. It is hypothesized that these leukemias might also be of viral etiology. Experiments were conducted on Esox lucius caught in the Fox River. It is hypothesized that these leukemias might also be of viral etiology. Experiments were conducted on Esox lucius (Northern Pike). Interest centered around the possible viral origin of lymphosarcoma of the jaw in that species. Cell-free filtrates of this tumor were inoculated into a test group of fish from pollution-free waters. At the end of seven weeks, lymphosarcoma developed in 89% of the fish inoculated with cell-free homogenates. Control fish receiving inoculation of either Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) or normal tissues and kept in separate tanks at all times did not develop lymphosarcomas.
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PMID:Tumors in fish caught in polluted waters: possible explanations. 117 15

When human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive donors are injected intraperitoneally into SCID mice, EBV+ B cell tumors develop within weeks. A preliminary report (Mosier, D. E., R. J. Gulizia, S. M. Baird, D. D. Richman, D. B. Wilson, R. I. Fox, and T. J. Kipps, 1989. Blood. 74(Suppl. 1):52a) has suggested that such tumors resemble the EBV-positive malignancy, Burkitt's lymphoma. The present work shows that generally the human (hu) PBL-SCID tumors are distinct from Burkitt's lymphoma and instead resemble lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated by EBV-infection of normal B cells in vitro in terms of: (a) their cell surface phenotype, with expression of B cell activation antigens and adhesion molecules, (b) normal karyotype, and (c) viral phenotype, with expression of all the transformation-associated EBV latent proteins and, in a minority of cells, productive cycle antigens. Indeed, in vitro-transformed LCLs also grow when inoculated into SCID mice, the frequency of tumor outgrowth correlating with the in vitro growth phenotype of the LCL which is itself determined by the identity of the transforming virus (i.e., type 1 or type 2 EBV). Histologically the PBL-derived hu-SCID tumors resemble the EBV+ large cell lymphomas that develop in immuno-suppressed patients and, like the human tumors, often present at multiple sites as individual monoclonal or oligoclonal foci. The remarkable efficiency of tumor development in the hu-SCID model suggests that lymphomagenesis involves direct outgrowth of EBV-transformed B cells without requirement for secondary genetic changes, and that selection on the basis of cell growth rate alone is sufficient to explain the monoclonal/oligoclonal nature of tumor foci. EBV+ large cell lymphoma of the immunosuppressed may arise in a similar way.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disease in the SCID mouse model: implications for the pathogenesis of EBV-positive lymphomas in man. 184 72

Between 1974 and 1989, 58 patients with clinical Stages I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the head and neck were treated with radiation at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. Forty-one treated with radiotherapy alone form the basis for this retrospective analysis of outcome and prognostic factors. With a mean radiation dose of 4400 cGy, the 5-year actuarial local control rate is 92%. Only one patient failed within an irradiated field. The 5-year actuarial survival and relapse-free survival rates are 85% and 54%, respectively. In a univariate analysis, poor survival was significantly correlated with involvement of Waldeyer's ring, postoperative tumor size greater than 3 cm, and greater than two involved lymph nodes and extranodal sites (p less than 0.02). No such correlations were seen for stage, histologic grade, the presence of extranodal disease, or any of the other parameters that were examined. Relapse free survival was significantly correlated only with the total of the number of involved nodes and extranodal sites. Patients with one or two involved nodes and sites had a 68% chance of remaining disease-free at 5 years compared to 0% for patients with greater than two (p = .02). Again, significant trends were not seen for the other parameters analyzed. These data demonstrate excellent local control, survival, and relapse-free survival using radiation alone with doses of 3000-5000 cGy. In our group of clinically staged patients preselected for treatment with radiation alone, the total of the number of involved nodes and extranodal sites, involvement of Waldeyer's ring, and tumor size after resection correlated strongly with relapse-free survival and overall survival. In patients with early stage non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the head and neck, initial management with external beam radiotherapy should be considered in particular for those with one or two involved nodes and extranodal sites that are less than 3 cm following resection and that do not involve Waldeyer's ring.
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PMID:Prognostic factors in patients with early stage non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the head and neck treated with definitive irradiation. 199 30

From 1970 through 1987, 77 patients with Stage I lung cancer were treated with definitive radiation therapy (RT) alone at the Fox Chase Cancer Center or the Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania. All patients had a pathologic diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and were not candidates for surgical resection because of premorbid medical problems or patient refusal. The median age was 72 years, although 10 patients were over 80. The histologic cell type was squamous in 44, adenocarcinoma in 15, large cell in 3, adenosquamous in 1, non-small cell in 11, and bronchioli-alveolar in 3. Tumor size was retrievable in 75 patients and 25 were less than or equal to 3 cm, 41 from 3-6 cm, and 9 greater than 6 cm. Diagnostic staging varied during the study period. Twelve patients, evaluated with a CT scan of the chest, including the liver, and a bone scan were classified as having "excellent" staging, 24 patients with conventional tomography, liver-spleen scan and a bone scan had "good" staging, and 41 patients were staged less rigorously. The RT was of megavoltage energy in all patients. The median dose was 60 Gy. The mediastinum was treated in all but eight patients who had poor pulmonary function. Survival was measured from the date of pathologic diagnosis. The actuarial 3-year survival rate of the entire group of patients is 17% with a median survival time of 20 months. Of the 61 deaths, 51 were due to disease and 10 were due to intercurrent disease without evidence of tumor recurrence. The actuarial 3-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 22%. The 3-year disease-specific survival for patients with tumors less than 3 cm and from 3-6 cm was 30% and 17%, respectively. All nine patients with tumors greater than 6 cm were dead of disease. Local progression occurred in 33 patients, resulting in a 44%, 3-year actuarial freedom from local progression. The median time to local failure was 28 months and there were no local failures after 3 years in the 18 patients eligible for observation beyond this point. Of the patients with "excellent" staging, only 2 of 12 were dead of disease compared with 22 of 24 with "good" staging and 30 of 41 of the remainder. In this large group of Stage I non-small cell lung cancer, thorough pre-treatment staging and smaller tumor size are associated with a more favorable outcome.
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PMID:The influence of tumor size and pre-treatment staging on outcome following radiation therapy alone for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. 216 20

The present paper communicates results of reconstruction of lower lid defects following tumor excision. Surgery was performed on 25 patients using a modified Fox procedure. Functionally and cosmetically the results were good. Three patients developed an ectropion of the lower lid, one of them requiring surgical repair. In 3 cases there was some loss of cilia, though the patients did not find this disturbing. In 2 cases a minor sagging of the lower lid border was seen. A modified version of Fox's original method is proposed as a means of avoiding these complications.
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PMID:[Technic and results of Fox bridge plasty for covering defects of the lower lid]. 353 98

Eight examples of nephroblastoma induced transplacentally in the partially inbred IIIVO/J strain of rabbit by a single intraperitoneal (60 mg/kg) dose of N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) were studied by transmission electron-microscopy. At the light-microscopic level the ENU-induced tumors displayed the complex array of histotypic components described in a previous report (Hard GC, Fox RR: Histologic characterization of renal tumors (nephroblastomas) induced transplacentally in IIIVO/J and WH/J rabbits by N-ethylnitrosourea. Am J Pathol 1983, 113:8-18) namely, blastema, tubular profiles, "reniform" islands, glomeruloid bodies, squamoid foci, fascicles of mesenchymelike tumor cells, and an increasing fibrocollagenous stroma. Ultrastructurally, blastemalike cells were undifferentiated forms resembling metanephric blastema. Tubular profiles of varying development were typified by very prominent apical junctional complexes and a basal lamina, but no organized brush-border. "Reniform" islands were groups of more maturely formed tubules associated with the production of an interstitial matrix consisting almost solely of multilamellar basement membrane. Glomeruloid bodies were invaginations of small podocytelike cells, with a profusion of thin cytoplasmic processes resembling foot processes, and internal, homogeneous areas of basement membrane continuous with that surrounding the entire structure. As such, these structures were consistent with primitive attempts at glomerular differentiation but without vascular or mesangial elements. The squamoid foci were representative of true squamous differentiation in comprising cells filled with intermediate filaments and interconnected by lateral interdigitations and multiple, well-formed desmosomes. Spindle-shaped tumor cells disposed in fascicles, which could have been interpreted as bipotential differentiation into secondary mesenchyme at the histologic level, differed from the blastemal cell type only in shape. Ultrastructurally, the fascicles, in most cases, consisted of thin, basement-membrane-invested ribbons of attenuated cells enclosing small lumens sealed by intercellular junctions, suggestive of abortive tubule formation. Tumor cells disposed in fascicles therefore conformed to the same epithelial lineage as the other neoplastic components of these tumors. In contrast, cellular elements of the fibrocollagenous stroma--namely, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and scattered mononuclear inflammatory cells--could be clearly discriminated from the various tumor cell components on morphologic grounds, constituting a host reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Electron-microscopic analysis of nephroblastomas induced transplacentally in the IIIVO/J rabbit by a single dose of N-ethylnitrosourea. 609 44

Two hundred seventy-five patients with breast cancer and no axillary metastases had mastectomies and axillary node dissection performed during the period between 1970 and 1979 at The Fox Chase Cancer Center. They had a mean age of 60 years (range, 21-91) and 38 (14%) patients have had recurrence to date. Poor histologic differentiation and skin involvement were related to a high risk of recurrence. Those patients with skin infiltration by tumor or a poorly differentiated tumor had a 53 +/- 9% expected five-year tumor-free survival, whereas patients without these had a 90 +/- 2% expected five-year tumor-free survival. Tumor involvement of the lymphatic vessels within the breast and estrogen receptor protein positivity or negativity were not helpful for identifying a subpopulation at increased risk of recurrence. Large tumor size was not a poor prognostic indicator for a patient subpopulation. These factors should be considered as indicators for inclusion in clinical trials and adjuvant therapy and used as stratification points for the analysis of the data developed in these trials.
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PMID:Breast cancer without axillary metastases. Are there high-risk biologic subpopulations? 711 7

The mouse liver is a frequent target organ for chemical carcinogenesis (Huff et al., 1988, 1991; Gold et al., 1989) and tumor development exhibits preferential strain sensitivity (Dragani et al., 1992; Drinkwater and Bennett, 1991). In some reports a positive correlation has been observed between the degree of spontaneous liver tumor incidence and the propensity to develop liver tumors after treatment with chemical carcinogens (Della Porta et al., 1967; Flaks, 1968; Dragani et al., 1984, 1987; Diwan et al., 1986; Drinkwater and Ginsler, 1986), but this is not always the case (Grasso and Hardy, 1975; Hanigan et al., 1988; Dragani et al., 1992). Thus, the interpretation of this endpoint in assessing potential health hazards to humans continues to be the subject of active debate. Studies of molecular and genetic factors that modulate the genesis of mouse liver tumors should enhance our understanding of the relevance of this response following exposure to genotoxic as well as nongenotoxic chemicals. To utilize intelligently animal models as surrogates for human carcinogenesis, the validity of rodent tumor endpoints in assessing potential human health hazards from chemical exposure remains an important issue. One approach has been to understand the animal system itself and the mechanisms by which chemicals induce tumors in the animal model. Information regarding the molecular events associated with tumor induction should make the relevance of results from rodent carcinogenicity studies to human risk easier to assess. Results to date have identified activation of ras proto-oncogenes as one early event and an important factor associated with chemical induction of mouse liver neoplasia (Reynolds et al., 1986, 1987; Wiseman et al., 1986), although ras-independent pathways appear to account for an appreciable proportion of some chemically induced mouse liver tumors (Fox et al., 1990; Buchmann et al., 1991). Available data emphasize the complexity of H-ras activation in murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Not only the genetic background of the mouse but also the dose of the carcinogen may influence significantly the number of tumors containing activated H-ras. Both high sensitivity and low sensitivity strains of mice can develop liver tumors which contain activated H-ras oncogenes, showing that the ability to activate this gene does not in itself determine susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis. Ras gene mutational profiles in chemically induced liver tumors may be different and distinguishable from those in spontaneous tumors. Since multiple genetic as well as nongenetic events are associated with tumor development, defining a precise role for ras gene mutations when they occur in mouse liver tumors is often difficult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Mutations in the ras proto-oncogene: clues to etiology and molecular pathogenesis of mouse liver tumors. 767 62

Consistent deletions and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in polymorphic markers in a determinate chromosomal fragment are known to be indicative of a closely mapping tumor suppressor gene. Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 is a frequent trait in many kinds of human primary tumors. We studied LOH of 14 markers on chromosome 7q in order to determine the location of a putative tumor suppressor gene in human primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and in human primary colon carcinomas. Samples were obtained from 18 primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and 18 primary colon carcinomas surgically removed from patients at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. Loss of heterozygosity was studied performing PCR amplifications of a set of 14 CA microsatellite repeats encompassing 7q21-qter. Of 18 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck cases studied, 12 had LOH at one or more loci on 7q. Fifty-three percent of 15 informative cases had LOH of the CA microsatellite dinucleotide repeat marker D7S522 at 7q31.1-7q31.2. Eleven of 18 colon carcinoma cases had LOH of one or more markers assayed, and the maximum LOH (80% of 10 informative cases) was at D7S522. Distributions of percentage of LOH in both tumor types were normally distributed around microsatellite D7S522. The high incidence of LOH in both tumor types studied suggests that a tumor suppressor gene relevant to the development of epithelial cancers is present on the 7q31.1-31.2, confirming our previous functional evidence for a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 7.
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PMID:Frequent loss of heterozygosity in human primary squamous cell and colon carcinomas at 7q31.1: evidence for a broad range tumor suppressor gene. 788 34

Recently, cervical mucin-secreting squamous carcinomas have been reported to be more common in younger women than in older women, leading some to conclude that any histologic classification of cervical carcinoma should include a specific category of this tumor type. One hundred and ninety-six invasive cervical carcinomas were classified using two histologic classification systems--the World Health Organization (WHO) and a system that recognized mucin-secreting squamous carcinomas (Fox). Analyses were performed to determine whether there was an association between age and glandular tumor types in either system. In the WHO System, 72% were classified as squamous carcinoma, 22% adenocarcinoma, and 6% adenosquamous. In the Fox System, 54% were squamous carcinoma, 22% adenocarcinoma, 4% adenosquamous, and 20% squamous carcinoma with mucin secretion. Specimen type did not significantly affect the classification of a carcinoma. No association was established between age and a diagnosis of adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas in the WHO System, or age and adeno-, adenosquamous, and mucin-secreting squamous carcinomas in the Fox System. We conclude that use of the WHO Classification System does not obscure significant epidemiologic trends that are evident in a classification system that identifies mucin-secreting squamous carcinomas.
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PMID:Histopathologic classification of cervical carcinomas and recognition of mucin-secreting squamous carcinomas. 838 Feb 84


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