Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016632 (Fox)
 1,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fox, Alfred E. (Warner-Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains, N.J.), George L. Evans, Frank J. Turner, Benjamin S. Schwartz, and Ansel Blaustein. Stimulation of nonspecific resistance to infection by a crude cell wall preparation from Myocobacterium phlei. J. Bacteriol. 92:1-5. 1966.-Exposure of large quantities of viable Mycobacterium phlei to attrition in a colloid mill resulted in 90 to 95% disruption of the organisms. Isolation of the crude cell wall preparation was accomplished by centrifugation of the broken cells at 10,000 x g, resuspension of the sediment, and repeated centrifugation at 1,000 x g to remove intact cells. Single oral or parenteral doses of the cell wall preparation increased the resistance of mice and guinea pigs to experimental infection with Salmonella enteritidis, and of mice to Staphylococcus aureus, for prolonged periods after administration. Histological examination of the organs of mice treated orally or intraperitoneally revealed a lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and a Kupffer cell proliferation of the liver. The preparation was nontoxic to mice by the oral route at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, and the intraperitoneal ld(50) was approximately 680 mg/kg.
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PMID:Stimulation of nonspecific resistance to infection by a crude cell wall preparation from Mycobacterium phlei. 594 Dec 76

A 3-year-old Wirehaired Fox Terrier was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, for evaluation of chronic cough of 8-months duration. Bronchoscopy showed a severely dilated collapsed left principal bronchus filled with highly viscous white mucus. Cytologically, globular lipid-like material and round concentrically laminated crystalline structures were evident within the proteinaceous mucus. These findings resembled the calcospherites and granular caseous debris often observed in human tuberculous patients. A Ziehl-Neelsen-stained cytocentrifuged preparation of material obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage revealed a few acid-fast rods within macrophages, suggestive of tuberculosis. At necropsy, granulomas with caseous necrosis were present in the lung parenchyma, bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, pancreas, and mesentery. Granulomas were adherent to both kidney capsules and to the diaphragm. Histologically, there was evidence of mild calcification within caseous granulomas, which was confirmed by von Kossa's stain. Using Ziehl-Neelsen stain, acid-fast rods were identified within granulomas; bacterial culture was positive for Mycobacterium bovis. The cytologic findings in this case have not been reported previously in dogs and demonstrate a possible correlation between tuberculosis and calcospherite-like bodies with caseous, globular material in bronchial mucus, similar to that described in human patients.
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PMID:Calcospherite-like bodies and caseous necrosis in tracheal mucus from a dog with tuberculosis. 1533 54

Fox, Alfred E. (Warner-Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains, N.J.), Joachim Anschel, George L. Evans, Raam R. Mohan, and Benjamin S. Schwartz. Isolation of a soluble resistance-enhancing factor from Mycobacterium phlei. J. Bacteriol. 92:285-290. 1966.-Extraction of a crude cell wall preparation from Mycobacterium phlei with 20% urea yielded a fraction which induced a state of enhanced resistance to microbial challenge. The resulting soluble extract, after removal of the urea, represented a 15% yield of solids with the separation of the biologically active component(s) and elimination of toxicity. Single oral or subcutaneous submicrogram doses of this material induced a prolonged state of increased resistance to subsequent challenge with Salmonella enteritidis in mice. This effect appeared as early as 2 hr after oral administration and persisted for at least 30 days. Protection against experimental infection with Staphylococcus aureus was also demonstrated. Resistance to viral challenge with influenza type A was observed after intranasal administration of the M. phlei extract to mice. The isolated material was found to contain carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids. The lipids represented 60% of the total solids, and were all short-chain fatty acids. No toxic effects, including pyrogenicity, could be demonstrated after oral or parenteral administration of this preparation.
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PMID:Isolation of a Soluble Resistance-Enhancing Factor from Mycobacterium phlei. 1656 8

Since after the first streptomycin 1944 trials, anti-tuberculous chemotherapy research has been focused upon establishing drug combination regimens capable of overcoming drug resistance and amenable to ambulatory treatment in resource strapped countries. The first milestone being the 1959 Madras trial comparing home and sanatorium treatment in South India. Subsequently, the MRC trials led Fox and Mitchison to indicate rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide as the first line drugs for short course, 6 month, regimens and the 1982 Hong Kong Chest Service trials established intermittent therapy as the ambulatory treatment standard for directly observed therapy (DOT). The rising of the HIV epidemic at the beginning of the 1980s has refuelled tuberculosis spread in Africa and Asia and contributed to the expansion of drug-resistant tuberculosis worldwide making the development of new drugs and drug regimens for ambulatory treatment a top priority. Led by biotechnological advances, molecular biology has been brought into TB laboratory diagnosis for the highly sensitive and specific rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in biological samples. The field of immunological diagnosis of TB infection, dominated since the early 1900s by the intradermal tuberculin reaction has been put back in motion by the discovery of M. tuberculosis-specific proteins and peptides, now employed in blood tests of high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of latent TB which may help with the identification of contacts at higher risk of active disease and the eradication of epidemic cases.
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PMID:Chemotherapy and diagnosis of tuberculosis. 1711 7

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor-related disorder that is characterized by dysregulation of glucocorticoid signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, and impairment in the ability to extinguish learned fear. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) is a stress- and immune-responsive neuropeptide secreted from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, extra-hypothalamic sources of Crh from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) govern specific fear- and anxiety-related defensive behavioral responses. We previously reported that preimmunization with a heat-killed preparation of the immunoregulatory environmental bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 enhances fear extinction in a fear-potentiated startle (FPS) paradigm. In this follow-up study, we utilized an in situ hybridization histochemistry technique to investigate Crh, Crhr1, and Crhr2 mRNA expression in the CeA, BNST, and PVN of the same rats from the original study [Fox et al., 2017, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 66: 70-84]. Here, we demonstrate that preimmunization with M. vaccae NCTC 11659 decreases Crh mRNA expression in the CeA and BNST of rats exposed to the FPS paradigm, and, further, that Crh mRNA expression in these regions is correlated with fear behavior during extinction training. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that M. vaccae promotes stress-resilience by attenuating Crh production in fear- and anxiety-related circuits. These data suggest that immunization with M. vaccae may be an effective strategy for prevention of fear- and anxiety-related disorders.
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PMID:Evidence that preimmunization with a heat-killed preparation of Mycobacterium vaccae reduces corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the extended amygdala in a fear-potentiated startle paradigm. 3079 61