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Query: UMLS:C0016632 (Fox)
 1,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The practice of vivisection is both defended as necessary to medical advancement and attacked as being symptomatic of a breakdown in society. White cites examples of people who survived critical or debilitating illnesses because of research on animals. His position is that through the use of animal experimentation cures and vaccines were found, and that research using animals must be continued to find cures for AIDS and other current, threatening illnesses. Fox contends that because of an already existing ecological breakdown, further advances in medical knowledge via animal research will not be forthcoming. He compares vivisection to terrorism and, citing the doctrine of ahisma (nonviolence), advocates the abolition of vivisection.
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PMID:Contested terrain. Beastly questions. 270 39

Controversies about reporting communicable diseases in both the past and present are viewed as political conflicts rather than as scientific or technological issues. Debates about reporting have been ideological and have reflected different attitudes about physicians' authority and social values. Fox describes the work of Hermann Biggs, public health chief in New York City during the mid 1890s, in implementing a compulsory reporting system that stressed confidentiality, as well as the growth of tensions between public and private medicine from 1920 to 1960. Although there has been increased acceptance of recordkeeping and regulation in the past 20 years, the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has reignited the controversy over the use of case reports and has fueled fears in the homosexual population concerning discrimination.
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PMID:From TB to AIDS: value conflicts in reporting disease. 354 98

During the early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, although symptoms are absent and viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is low, substantial levels of HIV replication can be documented in lymphoid tissue [G. Pantaleo, C. Graziosi, J.F. Demarest, L. Butini, M. Montroni, C.H. Fox, J.M. Orenstein, D.P. Kotler, and A.S. Fauci, Nature (London) 362:355-358, 1993, and J. Embretsen, M. Zupancic, J.L. Ribas, A. Burke, P. Racz, K. Tenner-Tacz, and A.T. Haase, Nature (London) 362:359-362, 1993]. This observation suggests that earlier treatment of HIV infection may be indicated and that strategies for enhancing drug targeting to the lymphoid tissue reservoris of HIV infection may be beneficial. To address this issue, we synthesized dioleoylphosphatidyl-ddC (DOP-ddC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (DPP-AZT), phospholipid prodrugs which form lipid bilayers and which are readily incorporated into liposomes. The anti-HIV activity of DOP-ddC was similar to that of ddC in HIV type 1-infected HT4-6C cells, but DPP-AZT was considerably less active than AZT in HT4-6C cells. Liposomes containing DOP-[3H]ddC or DPP-[3H]AZT administered intraperitoneally to mice produced greater levels of total radioactivity over time in plasma, spleen, and lymphoid tissue relative to the results with [3H]ddC and [3H]AZT, respectively. DPP-AZT administered intraperitoneally in liposomes as a single daily dose to mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus prevented increased spleen weight and reverse transcriptase levels in serum with a dose-response roughly comparable to that of AZT given continuously in the drinking water. DOP-ddC, DPP-AZT, and lipid conjugates of other antiretroviral nucleosides may provide higher levels of drug over time in plasma and in lymph nodes and spleen, important reservoirs of HIV infection, and may represent an interesting alternative approach to antiviral nucleoside treatment of AIDS.
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PMID:Phosphatidylazidothymidine and phosphatidyl-ddC: assessment of uptake in mouse lymphoid tissues and antiviral activities in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells and in Rauscher leukemia virus-infected mice. 769 64

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is generally transmitted by parenteral contact with infected body secretions. Although extensive epidemiological data and familial studies have failed to provide any conclusive data that saliva may act as a vehicle for transmission of AIDS, both professional and public anxieties remain. The present study, as well as others, suggests that salivary secretions may act as inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in vitro. In our study, the inhibitory activity was determined to be associated mainly with secretions obtained from the human submandibular-sublingual glands. Human submandibular-sublingual (HSMSL) and parotid (HPS) salivas were collected and tested for their ability to modulate the replication of HIV-1, using a plaque assay on HeLa/CD4+ cell monolayers. Initial results examining freshly collected salivary samples from ten individuals confirmed the results previously obtained by Fox et al. (1988, 1989). An average plaque reduction of approximately 66% was obtained with HSMSL, in contrast to 34% reduction obtained with HPS. Titration of the inhibitory activity in HSMSL showed detectable levels at a 1:500 dilution. Comparison of inhibitory activity of dialyzed and lyophilized saliva to fresh saliva indicated little difference between the two samples when filtration occurred after the addition of HIV-1. However, the effect of filtration was significantly diminished in the lyophilized samples. Electron microscopic examination of the saliva-HIV incubates revealed the aggregation/entrapment of virus particles by salivary components. These results suggest that human salivary secretions (with HSMSL > HPS) may have a role in modulating the infectivity of HIV-1.
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PMID:Aggregation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human salivary secretions. 837 99

Fox examines the history of the behavior of the medical profession in Europe and the United States during epidemics of contagious diseases. Guilds, religious orders, hospitals, and the state routinely had physicians under contract. During epidemics, civic leaders and later governmental bodies used economic and social incentives and disincentives to recruit additional doctors. Plague outbreaks seem to have raised professional consciousness in that ethical codes and treatises proliferated, but ethical concern was still less a motive than economic interest or fear of loss of status. Fox maintains that despite changes over the centuries in medical practice and in the social position of physicians, there has been continuity in how the profession responds to the threat of contagion. He predicts that professional accommodation to civic obligation will continue, and that physicians who take the lead in AIDS treatment will be rewarded with access to research funds and academic status.
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PMID:The politics of physicians' responsibility in epidemics: a note on history. 1165 69

Qualitative health researchers have recently begun to experiment with narrative forms of knowledge representation, often incorporating postmodern theory and related constructivist epistemology. However, misunderstanding of these ideas may lead to rejection of, or lack of interest in, these unconventional texts, which in turn might impede the use of narrative forms in the health sciences. The author's aim is to "open up" the provocative domain of ideas about knowledge representation and explain how the forms operate. Two texts are described with respect to narrative plotting, author's stance, character building, voices, and rhetorical tropes: Troubling the Angels, Patti Lather and Chris Smithies's account of support groups for women living with HIV/AIDS, and The Social Meaning of Surgery, Nicolas Fox's description and sociological analysis of daily life in the operating theater. Other examples of emerging forms are integrated and made relevant to the substantive texts chosen for analysis.
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PMID:Emerging narrative forms of knowledge representation in the health sciences: two texts in a postmodern context. 1179 25

1 Ophthalmic manifestations of presumed rifabutin-related uveitis. Arevalo JF, Freeman WR, La Jolla, CA, USA. 2 Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acute anterior uveitis by PCR. Cano J, Diaz M, Navee A, Maldonado M, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Neuroretinits in patients with AIDS. Berger B, Austin TX, USA. 4 Presumed varicella zoster retinitis in a pediatric patient with AIDS. El Baba F, Nachman S, Stony Brook, NY, USA. 5 ARN with hypopyon caused by EVB and herpes type VI viruses. Cano J, Diaz M, Navea A, Maldonado MJ, Barcelona, Spain. 6 CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and ocular infections in HIV(+) patients. Lowder CY, Butler CP, Dodds EM, Recillas-Gispert C, Cleveland, OH, USA. 7 Intravitreal foscanet for persistent CMV. Lieberman RM, Orellana J, New York, NY, USA. 8 Perfluorocarbon liquid versus air-fluid exchange during surgical repair of retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Sery T, Gomes J, Sando R, Dua H, Donoso L, Vrabec T, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 9 Endogenous ophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma: a report of six cases. Shields J, Shields C, Eagle R, Barrett J, DePotter P, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 10 Ocular lymphoma resembling chronic postoperative endophthalmitis. Fox G, Chan CC, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt R, Bethesda, MD, USA. 11 A phase II trial of combination chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Whitcup SM, Stark-Vanes V, Nussenblatt RB, Heiss H, Witte R, Bethesda, MD, USA. 12 Cancer-induced autoimmune retinopathy. Thirkill C, Sacramento, CA, USA. 13 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Tessler H. Chicago, IL, USA. 14 Bilateral choroidal neovascular membranes after Candida albicans chorioretinitis. Dodds E, Townsend-Pico W, Lowder CY, Lewis H, Cleveland, OH, USA. 15 An unusual complications of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Gormley PD, Flaxel CJ, Pavesio CE, Conrad DK, Lightman S, London, UK. 16 Surgical removal of a choroidal neovascular membrane in sympahtetic ophthalmia. Conrad DK, McCluskey PJ, Schwartz S, Gregor Z. Lightman S, London, UK. 17 Peripheral laser scatter ablation in pars planitia. Park SE, Mieler WF, Pulido JS, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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PMID:American uveitis society meeting october 31, 1994 san francisco, california. 2282 44

Syringomas and Fox-Fordyce disease are appendageal skin disorders. While syringomas represent an adenoma of the intraepidermal eccrine duct, Fox Fordyce disease occurs due to blockage of the apocrine sweat duct. In both conditions, extragenital sites are more frequently involved than the genitalia. We herein report two young females, one with syringomas on the face and vulva and the other with Fox Fordyce disease involving axilla, areola and vulva, thereby citing the importance of examination of genitalia in these disorders.
Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2012 Jul
PMID:Rare sweat gland tumors of vulva: Report of two cases. 2318 40

Longitudinal studies and household surveys suggest that sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA's) HIV/AIDS crisis is not a pandemic of the poor but rather one of inequalities, where wealthier individuals are more likely to be infected as a result of greater mobility and multiple relationships (Fox, 2012). This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the United States, where HIV infections "are concentrated among the poor with very few people in the middle and upper social strata contracting HIV" (Pellowski, Kalichman, Matthews, & Adler, May-June 2013, p. 199). Yet from a global perspective, wherein SSA is the poorest region in the world, the pandemic is of course one of poverty as well as one with pronounced racial and gender disparities. Both the May-June 2013 special issue of the American Psychologist ("HIV/AIDS: Social Determinants and Health Disparities") and another American Psychologist special issue 25 years earlier ("Psychology and AIDS," November 1988) help shed light on Africa's HIV/AIDS crisis.
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PMID:Sub-Saharan Africa's HIV pandemic. 2368 88

Fox-Fordyce disease is a rare, chronic skin disorder which affects the apocrine areas. This disease is due to the obstruction of the apocrine sweat duct. Extragenital regions are commonly affected than the genital region. We, herein, report a case of Fox-Fordyce in a female, with onset in the fifth decade and involving only the genital region.
Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS
PMID:Fox-Fordyce disease of the vulva. 2719 Apr 15


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