Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The responses of pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate output to intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 0.8 to 3.2 microgram per kg per hr) and synthetic secretin (32.2 to 129 ng per kg per hr) were compared intraindividually in 5 healthy volunteers. Pure pancreatic juice was obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. The mean +/- SEM observed maximal response of secretin-stimulated juice flow was 248 +/- 7 microliter per kg per 5 min, whereas the observed maximal response for VIP-evoked juice flow was 48 +/- 6 microliter per kg per 5 min. The observed maximal secretin-induced bicarbonate output was 30 +/- 2 muEq per kg per 5 min, and the maximal VIP-related response was 4.3 +/- 0.9 muEq per kg per 5 min. In addition to low efficacy, high dose requirements, and side effects (significant rise in pulse rate and cutaneous flushing at 3.2 micrograms per kg per hr) argue against a major physiological role of VIP as a hormonal stimulant of human pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a secretin-like partial agonist for pancreatic secretion in man. 89 45

Octreotide is a long-acting cyclic octapeptide with pharmacologic actions mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin. It can suppress the secretion of serotonin, as well as the gastroenteropancreatic peptides gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), insulin, glucagon, secretin, motilin, and pancreatic polypeptide. It also suppresses growth hormone and decreases splanchnic blood flow. Octreotide is completely and rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous injection and has an elimination half-life of 1.5 hours. Clinical trials reviewed here show octreotide useful in the treatment of diarrhea associated with VIP secreting tumors, as well as diarrhea and flushing associated with carcinoid syndrome, both conditions for which the drug is approved. Clinical trials involving the use of octreotide in the treatment of acromegaly are also reviewed. Adverse reactions to octreotide are mild to moderate and most commonly involve injection site pain and diarrhea. Drug interactions are apparently related to the drug's pharmacologic effects. Octreotide is given subcutaneously two to three times daily, with daily doses ranging from 50mcg to 1,500mcg per day. Further research appears necessary to clarify dosing issues.
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PMID:Debut of a somatostatin analog: octreotide in review. 255 39

The intestinal carcinoid tumors of 26 patients were stained for the presence of serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin, motilin, secretin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, ACTH, and neurotensin. Argentaffin and argyrophil stains were also performed in all cases. Thirty-five separate tumors (counting metastases and multiple primaries) from the 26 patients were studied. Serotonin was present in 30 of the 35 tumors. Nineteen tumors contained serotonin only. Fourteen tumors contained multiple neuroendocrine products. One tumor contained gastrin only. One tumor did not stain immunohistochemically, but was argyrophilic. Metastatic deposits were studied in nine patients. Some metastases produced the identical neuroendocrine products as the primary tumor, whereas others produced either additional or fewer hormones than the primary tumor. Moreover, different metastases from the same primary tumor were observed to produce different hormones. Argyrophilic cells were present in all cases and were much more numerous than cells staining by immunohistochemistry. Argyrophilic cells probably contain monoamines and polypeptide hormones in addition to those studied in this series. The argyrophil stain was the best general stain in this study for the demonstration of neuroendocrine cells. Argentaffin staining was negative in ten cases that were serotonin positive and two argentaffin positive cases were serotonin negative. The carcinoid syndrome, as clinically defined by the presence of flushing and diarrhea, was noted in five patients, all of whom had serotonin-containing small bowel carcinoids. Endocrine-related symptoms were not clinically appreciated in the remaining patients.
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PMID:The neuroendocrine products of intestinal carcinoids. An immunoperoxidase study of 35 carcinoid tumors stained for serotonin and eight polypeptide hormones. 618 28

We report here 2 patients with somatostatin-secreting tumours and hypersomatostatinaemia. One subject, a 36 year old woman with diabetes, flushing, labile blood pressure and diarrhea, had elevated basal plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLIR) and calcitonin. Plasma SLIR increased further following tolbutamide administration. Plasma levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), normal in the basal state, showed exaggerated responses to pentagastrin and secretin, respectively. Immunocytochemistry of the tumour tissue revealed cells containing somatostatin-, calcitonin-, PGE2- and PP-like immunoreactivity. The other patient, a 52 year old male, had an SLIR-secreting tumour of the proximal duodenum and elevated basal and post-tolbutamide SLIR levels but no signs or symptoms suggestive of increased SLIR production. Tumour tissue revealed cells containing somatostatin- and calcitonin-like immunoreactivity. We conclude that patients with somatostatinomas do not always exhibit a predictable syndrome. Patients with these tumours may exhibit a range of clinical, biochemical and immunocytochemical features typical of endocrine tumours of mixed-cell origin, such that the dominant signs and symptoms associated with these neoplasms cannot readily be ascribed to overproduction of any single hormone.
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PMID:Somatostatinoma syndrome: does a clinical entity exist? 629 17

Peptide histidine isoleucine, a 27 amino acid peptide with close amino acid sequence homology to vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin, is distributed throughout the mammalian intestinal tract, where it has been localised to intramural neurones. An intestinal perfusion technique has been used to study the effect of intravenous peptide histidine isoleucine (44.5 pmol/kg/min) on water and electrolyte transport from a plasma like electrolyte solution in human jejunum in vivo. Peptide histidine isoleucine infusion produced peak plasma peptide histidine isoleucine concentrations in the range 2000-3000 pmol/l, flushing, tachycardia and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure. Peptide histidine isoleucine caused a significant inhibition of net absorption of water, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate and induced a net secretion of chloride, these changes being completely reversed during the post-peptide histidine isoleucine period. These findings suggest that endogenous peptide histidine isoleucine may participate in the neurohumoral regulation of water and electrolyte transport in the human jejunum.
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PMID:Effect of peptide histidine isoleucine on water and electrolyte transport in the human jejunum. 654