Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of histamine on parathyroid function was studied in two patients. 2.75 mg histamine phosphate administered intravenously over 120 minutes induced the well known clinical effects such as facial flushing, fall in blood pressure and increase in heart rate. But the serum calcium concentration, serum immunoreactive parathormone concentration, urinary excretion of cAMP and tubular phosphate reabsorption did not change significantly. It is concluded that stimulation of histamine receptors does not play an important role in the regulation of parathyroid activity.
 ...
PMID:Histamine and parathyroid activity. 632 33

Animal experimental studies conducted at the turn of the century resulted in the use of magnesium sulphate as an anticonvulsant in humans. In U.S. clinics, parenteral administration of magnesium sulphate became a routine procedure in the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. This treatment has proved very effective in treating convulsions in pregnancy provided an adequate dosage was given amounting to up to 60 g daily. Mother and infant mortality were largely eliminated. Numerous clinical studies showed a negligible side effect rate. Side effects in the foetus: These are due to penetration of magnesium into the foetal blood circulation. Reports on an inhibition of cardiac rate fluctuation and changes in calcium levels have been contradictory, and hence not generally accepted. It is claimed that the parathormone level may drop slightly. Isolated reports on foetal magnesium intoxications associated with depression of breathing, slackness and hyporeflexia often prompt the conclusion that this disease pattern had been due to immaturity and asphyxia. Generally, foetal magnesium blood levels do not correlate well with signs of magnesium intoxication. Urine excretion is greatly slowed down in foetal immaturity. Side effects in the mother: Short-term relaxing action on the uterus has been described frequently. High dosages have been successfully used in arresting labour if there is a tendency to premature birth. Increase in uterine blood flow was seen after administration of magnesium sulphate in animal experiments. Magnesium is said to reduce blood coagulation by influencing fibrinolysis and thrombocyte resistance. However, a somewhat enhanced loss of blood during birth is said to be more likely due to relaxation of the uterus than to a disturbance of blood coagulation. Rapid intravenous injection causes short-term flushing, nausea and vomiting. Short-acting drops in blood pressure are possible. The cardiac output is said to increase at the conventional dosage level whereas the peripheral resistance drops due to vasodilation. Increases and decreases in heart rate have been reported, but in most cases no changes were seen. Changes in ventricular action time occur with toxic doses only, which can lead to cardiac arrest in the diastole. Other toxic signs are hyporeflexia, depressed breathing and CNS depressions which may result in coma. Hyporeflexia always occurs before the other toxic signs appear, so that it can be used as a clinical control criterion. Calcium gluconate, given via the IV route, is a good and rapid-acting antidote.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Use of magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant in severe pregnancy toxemia and eclampsia]. 655 75

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have presented variable findings concerning the reduction of phosphorous level by nicotinamide. This systematic review is aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of nicotinamide in hemodialysis patients and was conducted by adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies for inclusion were identified by running the suitable keywords in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central till June 13, 2018. Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to judge the quality of the included RCTs. The primary outcome was change in serum phosphorus, calcium, and calcium-phosphorus product levels. Change in other biochemical parameters including serum calcium, parathormone, platelets, lipid profile parameters, and the safety profile was considered under secondary outcomes. Review Manager (RevMan v5.3) was used for the risk of bias estimate. A total of 12 articles were qualified for inclusion in this study. All the included RCTs showed a statistically significant reduction in mean serum phosphorous and calcium-phosphorus product levels in the treatment arm as compared to the placebo group. Among several biochemical parameters analyzed, only high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was found to be significantly increased from baseline to the endpoint of the study in the nicotinamide group, while the placebo group showed no significant difference. Flushing and diarrhea, followed by thrombocytopenia, were the most commonly reported adverse events in the treatment group. Nicotinamide was found to be effective in reducing the phosphorous level and calcium-phosphorus product level and increasing the HDL cholesterol level in dialysis patients. The safety profile was found to be satisfactory.
 ...
PMID:Nicotinamide Therapy in Dialysis Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. 3322 53