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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analog, was administered by intravenous and intramuscular injection to 40 women 24 to 48 hours postpartum. Intravenous injection of 8 to 30 micrograms produced a tetanic uterine contraction within 2 minutes, lasting about 6 minutes, followed by rhythmic contractions for a further 60 +/- 18 minutes. Intramuscular injection of 10 to 70 micrograms also produced tetanic contraction in less than 2 minutes, lasting about 11 minutes, and followed by rhythmic contractions for an additional 119 +/- 69 minutes. The prolonged duration of activity after intramuscular compared with the intravenous carbetocin was significant (p = 0.020). Carbetocin produced mild lower abdominal cramping in most patients and severe pain in three patients who received 50 or 100 micrograms intravenously or 70 micrograms intramuscularly. Approximately half of the patients also experienced flushing and warmth. Although carbetocin has not yet been studied immediately postpartum, its prolonged uterine activity suggests that carbetocin may offer advantages over oxytocin in management of the third stage of labor.
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PMID:Effect of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analog on the postpartum uterus. 162 93

In a study of 32 patients, there were 29 cases of intra-uterine fetal death and 3 cases of hydatidiform mole. The intravenous administration of either prostaglandin E1, E2 or F2 successfully induced labor in 29 out of the 32 cases. 2 patients delivered following additional intravenous oxytocin and there was 1 failure due to the development of upper limb cyanosis. Side-effects included vomitng, phlebitis, facial flushing, rigors, pyrexia and uterine hypertonus. The method confirms the high success rates reported previously but the incidence of side-effects was disturbing. It is emphasized that prostaglandin E1 was used during this original research trial when prostaglandins were 1st investigated clinically. Prostaglandin E1 has not been made available commerically.
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PMID:Induction of labour and abortion by intravenous prostaglandins in pregnancies complicated by intra-uterine foetal death and hydatidiform mole. 444

The study of bovine germ cells of known developmental stage calls for alternatives to the recovery of fetuses by surgery or slaughter. Fetuses were therefore obtained during the second month of pregnancy by aborting 49 animals using a progressively modified treatment regimen of cloprostenol, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and oxytocin. The viability of fetuses was monitored by ultrasonography throughout treatment. Intracervical treatment with PGE2 led to cervical dilation in all treated animals. However, retrieval of the fetuses by subsequent flushing of the uterus was successful in only two of six animals. When i.m. injections of cloprostenol were given 20-40 h before PGE2 treatment, fetuses < or = 40 days of gestation were expelled spontaneously, while the majority of fetuses > or = 50 days of gestation were retained. When i.m. injections of oxytocin were given in relation to clinical signs of impending fetal expulsion after cloprostenol and PGE2 treatment, 20 of 22 fetuses were expelled 42-53 h after the cloprostenol injection. Of these 20 fetuses, 19 were expelled 0-7 h after the cessation of fetal heartbeat. The subsequent fertility of animals was not affected. Thus, the final protocol allowed bovine fetuses to be retrieved at predictable times, within a few hours of death, with little maternal trauma and without affecting subsequent fertility.
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PMID:The use of prostaglandins and oxytocin for transcervical recovery of bovine fetuses at days 33-58 of gestation. 866 53

Embryos were collected transcervically from 38 unanesthetized goats in a standing position. Goats of the Boer breed were superovulated by injecting them with 16 mg of pFSH containing 40% LH. Collection took place 6 d after the last mating. A luteolytic dose of PGF2alpha was injected 16, 8, or 0 h before flushing the uterine lumen. One half of each group received an additional injection of oxytocin just before flushing. The flushing catheter was introduced transcervically, and 24 flushings were performed, with a 2-h pause between the first 12 and the last 12 flushings. Injection of PGF2alpha 16 or 8 h before transcervical embryo collection resulted in a significant increase (P < .001, chi-square test) in embryo recovery (-16 h: 91% with oxytocin, 85% without; -8 h: 91% with oxytocin, 80% without) compared with an injection at the time of collection (52% with oxytocin, 66% without). The recovery rate which was estimated as the percentage of embryos recovered relative to the number of corpora lutea counted endoscopically, was comparable to that achieved by surgical collection. There were no differences among groups with regard to embryo morphology. Embryos were transferred, and healthy kids were born. The nonsurgical collection of caprine embryos may be considered a viable alternative to conventional surgical procedures.
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PMID:Nonsurgical embryo collection in goats treated with prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin. 949 39

Circulating concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) were measured before and after administration of oxytocin and after endometrial biopsy, with or without uterine flushing performed per vaginam, on days 10, 14 and 18 after ovulation in nine pregnant and nine cyclic mares. Concentrations of oxytocin receptor were measured in endometrial biopsy samples. Neither pregnancy status nor time after ovulation affected basal PGFM concentrations. PGFM concentrations were increased after oxytocin administration on each of the days studied in cyclic mares; on day 14 the mean response was 4.5 times higher than the mean response on days 10 and 18. In contrast, during pregnancy, responses to oxytocin administration occurred only on days 10 and 18. Marked increases in PGFM concentrations in response to endometrial biopsy occurred only on day 14 in cyclic mares and on day 18 in pregnant mares. Mean concentrations of oxytocin receptor were between 200 and 300 fmol mg-1 protein on day 10 in both pregnant and cyclic mares; in cyclic mares oxytocin receptor concentrations were increased approximately threefold on day 14 compared with days 10 and 18, but no such increase was evident during pregnancy. Total amounts of PGFM secreted after oxytocin treatment correlated with endometrial oxytocin receptor concentrations in cyclic (P < 0.001) but not in pregnant (P > 0.5) mares, and the same was true for PGFM release induced by endometrial biopsy (cyclic: P = 0.0025; pregnant: P > 0.5). The data support the hypothesis that endometrial concentrations of oxytocin receptor determine uterine prostaglandin F2 alpha secretion in cyclic mares and that endometrial oxytocin receptor concentrations are reduced in early pregnancy by a product of the conceptus. The increase in response of the pregnant uterus to oxytocin treatment or biopsy-flushing between days 14 and 18 was not due to an increase in the concentration of oxytocin receptors but presumably reflected increased receptor sensitivity.
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PMID:Endometrial oxytocin receptor and uterine prostaglandin secretion in mares during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. 986 Nov 56

Two experiments were conducted, aimed at improving the practicability of the method for transcervical embryo collection in Boer goats described by Pereira et al. [Pereira, R.J.T.A., Sohnrey, B., Holtz, W., 1998. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 360-363]. Invention of a hammock-like restraining device, use of a wider-bore flushing catheter and a modified flushing mode contributed toward this end. The importance of a luteolytic prostaglandin F(2alpha)-treatment [Pereira et al., 1998] was confirmed. In Experiment 1, administration of PGF(2alpha) 8h before does are flushed, increased the recovery rate from 43 to 79% (P<0.05). Advancing the PG F(2alpha)-treatment to 24h before flushing was instrumental in further enhancing embryo recovery rate. The amount of time required for flushing was reduced by about 20min (P<0.05) and the number of embryos recovered from the first 10 out of 30 flushes amounted to more than 80%, compared to 50% (P<0.05) when treating 8h before flushing. Administration of 1IU of oxytocin at the onset of flushing did not have any significant effect. When applying the findings of this investigation, the time required for flushing may be reduced from about 4h [Pereira et al., 1998] to less than 45min per doe and the required number of person involved decreased from four to two persons.
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PMID:Transcervical embryo collection in Boer goats. 1076 Apr 56

In this article different possible treatments for problem mares are discussed. The therapeutic possibilities vary and can be classified into anatomical correction, anti-infectious therapy, and treatment to enhance the uterine defence mechanisms. Anatomical correction and treatment with antibiotics are valuable therapies and have been used for many years. In recent years, stimulation of the mechanical defence mechanism of the uterus, by flushing it with physiological solution combined with parenteral oxytocin, has been shown to increase the chance of getting problem mares in foal.
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PMID:[The problem mare part 2: treatment]. 1090 44

Postpartum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide: 67-80% of cases are caused by uterine atony. Preventive measures include prophylactic drug use to aid uterine contraction after delivery, thus avoiding severe blood loss and reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. Carbetocin is a synthetic analogue of oxytocin with a half-life approximately 4-10 times longer than that reported for oxytocin. It combines the safety and tolerability profile of oxytocin with the sustained uterotonic activity of injectable ergot alkaloids. Furthermore, carbetocin can be administered as a single dose injection either intravenously or intramuscularly rather than as an infusion over several hours as is the case with oxytocin. Carbetocin is currently indicated for prevention of uterine atony after delivery by caesarean section in spinal or epidural anaesthesia. Data from three randomised controlled trials in caesarean delivery and a meta-analysis indicate that carbetocin significantly reduces the need for additional uterotonic agents or uterine massage to prevent excessive bleeding compared with placebo or oxytocin. The risk of headache, tremor, hypotension, flushing, nausea, abdominal pain, pruritus and feeling of warmth was similar in women who received carbetocin or oxytocin. The findings from two more recent double-blind randomised trials and one retrospective study suggest that carbetocin may also represent a good alternative to conventional uterotonic agents for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal deliveries. A reduced need for additional uterotonics was observed with carbetocin vs. oxytocin in high-risk women and carbetocin was at least as effective as syntometrine in low-risk women. In these studies of vaginal deliveries, carbetocin was associated with a low incidence of adverse effects and demonstrated a better tolerability profile than syntometrine. Carbetocin had a long duration of action compared with intravenous oxytocin alone and a better cardiovascular side effect profile compared with syntometrine. In addition to being an effective treatment for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage following caesarean delivery, carbetocin may also become the drug of choice for postpartum haemorrhage prevention after vaginal delivery in high-risk women and those who suffer from hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Preeclampsia is still a contraindication to the administration of carbetocin in the EU, and further studies would be required to assess the cardiovascular effects of carbetocin before it can be advocated for routine use in preeclamptic patients. Further research is required to assess whether prophylactic carbetocin is superior to conventional uterotonic agents following vaginal delivery in low-risk women.
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PMID:Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with the oxytocin analogue carbetocin. 1961 58

A 38-year-old pregnant woman underwent cesarean section with combined spinal epidural anesthesia. Immediately after intravenous administration of oxytocin, she developed chest and bilateral shoulder pain. Simultaneously, face flushing and ST segment depression on electrocardiogram were observed. Her blood pressure decreased and heart rate increased. She was treated with bolus injection of phenylephrine and continuous infusion of nicorandil and noradrenaline. At the end of surgery, all the symptoms disappeared. Because oxytocin may induce myocardial ischemia probably due to coronary vasoconstriction and peripheral vasodilation, it is important for anesthesiologists to note that oxytocin should be given to patients as slowly as possible. Alternative agents such as mythylergometrine may be used safely for an individual who is susceptive to oxytocin.
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PMID:[A case of myocardial ischemia induced by oxytocin during cesarean section]. 2398 81

Neurons communicate via chemical signals called neurotransmitters (NTs). The numerous identified NTs can have very different physiochemical properties (solubility, charge, size etc.), so quantification of the various NT classes traditionally requires several analytical platforms/methodologies. We here report that a diverse range of NTs, e.g. peptides oxytocin and vasopressin, monoamines adrenaline and serotonin, and amino acid GABA, can be simultaneously identified/measured in small samples, using an analytical platform based on liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The automated platform is cost-efficient as manual sample preparation steps and one-time-use equipment are kept to a minimum. Zwitter-ionic HILIC stationary phases were used for both on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography (capillary format, cLC). This approach enabled compounds from all NT classes to elute in small volumes producing sharp and symmetric signals, and allowing precise quantifications of small samples, demonstrated with whole blood (100 microliters per sample). An additional robustness-enhancing feature is automatic filtration/filter back-flushing (AFFL), allowing hundreds of samples to be analyzed without any parts needing replacement. The platform can be installed by simple modification of a conventional LC-MS system.
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PMID:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform for both small neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in blood, with automatic and robust solid phase extraction. 2579 Nov 95


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