Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently, we reported that male accessory sex gland (ASG) secretions protect sperm genomic integrity by demonstrating that DNA damage was more extensive in sperm not exposed to the secretions. The present study was conducted to find out if ASGs secrete the main antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx or GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and if the most abundant one, SOD, can protect those sperm that were not exposed to ASG secretions against NADPH-induced oxidative stress. Four experimental groups of male golden hamsters were used: intact animals with proven fertility, animals with all major ASGs removed (TX), animals that were bilaterally vasectomized, and sham-operated controls. SOD, CAT, and GPx activities were measured in secretions from all 5 ASGs and sperm-free uterine flushing from virgin females and those mated with the experimental males. The alkaline comet assay was used to analyze DNA integrity of the TX group sperm after incubation in a medium containing 50 U/mL of SOD along with 0 to 20 mmol/L NADPH. The main antioxidant enzyme in ASGs was SOD from coagulating glands (P <.05) and GPx together with CAT from ampullary glands (P <.05). Uterine flushing of ejaculates that contained ASG secretions had more SOD and CAT activities than those with epididymal secretions alone (P <.05 and P <.001, respectively), whereas activity of GPx was the same (P >.05). Addition of SOD in vitro dose dependently decreased the incidence of single-strand DNA damage in sperm not exposed to ASG secretions incubated in the presence of 0 to 20 mmol/L NADPH (P <.001). These results indicated that, in terms of abundance, SOD was the main antioxidant enzyme secreted by male ASGs, whereas CAT was the second one. The GPx activity came from both epididymis and ASGs. We conclude that ASG secretions play a significant role in protecting sperm against oxidative stress.
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PMID:Male genital tract antioxidant enzymes: their source, function in the female, and ability to preserve sperm DNA integrity in the golden hamster. 1295 61

This study was aimed at developing a hormonal treatment protocol in order to optimize the proportion of pronuclear-stage embryos to be used for DNA microinjection in a goat transgenic founder production programme. A total of 46 adult BELE and 47 adult standard goats (1-5 years old) were used as donors and recipients, respectively. They were heat-synchronized using intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 10 days with an injection of 125 microg cloprostenol on the morning of the eighth day. Recipients were injected with 400 IU eCG at the time of sponge removal while donors received a total of 133 mg NIH-FSH-P1 (Folltropin-V) given twice daily in decreasing doses over 3 days starting 48 h before sponge removal. Ovulation was induced in donors by injecting 100 microg of GnRH at 24 h (GnRH24) or 36 h (GnRH36) after sponge removal. Embryo recovery was performed by oviduct flushing following a standard mid-ventral laparotomy procedure. The proportion of embryos in the pronuclear stage of development was higher in the GnRH36 group (90% vs 34%, p < 0.01). Embryos were microinjected with a DNA expression cassette followed by transfer to the oviduct of synchronized recipients. A higher, yet not statistically significant, pregnancy rate was found in the recipients transferred with pronuclear-stage embryos compared with those transferred with 2-cell-stage embryos (64% vs 37%, chi-square p = 0.06). One transgenic female founder was produced from the group of recipients transferred with pronuclear-stage microinjected embryos.
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PMID:Effect of GnRH injection timing in the production of pronuclear-stage zygotes used for DNA microinjection. 1552 16

A 22-year-old woman complained of paroxysmal face flushing, palpitation and hypertension. CT scan revealed 55 mm mass in the right adrenal gland. Hormonal examination showed highly elevated urinary catecholamines and their metabolites excretion. Histological examination of the removed right adrenal gland confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. 4 years later we observed the recurrence of similar symptoms. After the hormonal examination and CT imaging left adrenalectomy was performed, because of the presence of 33 mm diameter tumor in the left adrenal gland. Young age of our patient and occurence of bilateral pheochromocytomas suggested multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. DNA sequence analysis of peripheral white blood cells revealed that codon 609 in exon 10 of the RET gene was mutated from TGC to CGC. During the further follow up of this patient we found 5 mm mass in the left lobe of the thyroid. Result of cytological examination of this focal mass and elevated calcitonin level in the pentagastrin test suggested the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer which was later confirmed after total thyeoidectomy based on results of histopathology of tumor. No metastatic changes was found. DNA analysis of the somatic mutation of the RET protooncogene was useful for the early detection of medullary thyroid cancer in the case of the 30-year-old patient with MEN 2A.
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PMID:[Late onset of medullary thyroid carcinoma with bilateral adrenal pheochromocytomas in the case of patient with MEN 2]. 1577 Nov 39

Several lines of evidence suggest that wetlands may be a major source of methylmercury (MeHg) to receiving waters, perhaps explaining the strong correlation between concentrations of waterborne MeHg and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in regions such as northern Wisconsin. We evaluated the relative importance of wetland export in the MeHg budget of a wetland-dominated lake in northern Wisconsin using mass balance. Channelized runoff from a large headwater wetland was the major source of water and total mercury (HgT) to the lake during the study period. The wetland also exported MeHg in high concentrations (0.2-0.8 ng L(-1)), resulting in an export rate similar to those reported for other northern wetlands (ca. 0.3 microg MeHg m(-2) y(-1)). Yet, based on intensive sampling during 2002, the mass of MeHg that accumulated in the lake during summer was an order of magnitude greater than the export of MeHg from the wetland to the lake. Hence, a large in-lake source of MeHg is inferred from the mass balance. Most of the accumulated MeHg built-up in anoxic hypolimnetic waters; and the build-up was roughly balanced by losses of inorganic Hg (Hg(II)) implying a chemical transformation within the anoxic water column. An abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in hypolimnetic waters, established by DNA analysis of the pelagic microbial community, along with a previous report documenting high methylation rates in the hypolimnion of this lake (ca. 10% d(-1)), suggest that this transformation was microbially mediated. These findings indicate that the direct effect of wetland runoff may be outweighed by indirect effects on the lacustrine MeHg cycle, enhancing the load of Hg(II), the activity of SRB, and the retention of MeHg, especially in northern lakes with flushing times longer than six months.
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PMID:Sources of methylmercury to a wetland-dominated lake in northern Wisconsin. 1605 72

Livestock manures contain numerous microorganisms which can infect humans and/or animals, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis). The effects of commonly used manure treatments on the persistence of these pathogens have rarely been compared. The objective of this study was to compare the persistence of artificially inoculated M. paratuberculosis, as well as other naturally occurring pathogens, during the treatment of dairy manure under conditions that simulate three commonly used manure management methods: thermophilic composting at 55 degrees C, manure packing at 25 degrees C (or low-temperature composting), and liquid lagoon storage. Straw and sawdust amendments used for composting and packing were also compared. Manure was obtained from a large Ohio free-stall dairy herd and was inoculated with M. paratuberculosis at 10(6) CFU/g in the final mixes. For compost and pack treatments, this manure was amended with sawdust or straw to provide an optimal moisture content (60%) for composting for 56 days. To simulate liquid storage, water was added to the manure (to simulate liquid flushing and storage) and the slurry was placed in triplicate covered 4-liter Erlenmeyer flasks, incubated under ambient conditions for 175 days. The treatments were sampled on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 for the detection of pathogens. The persistence of M. paratuberculosis was also assessed by a PCR hybridization assay. After 56 days of composting, from 45 to 60% of the carbon in the compost treatments was converted to CO2, while no significant change in carbon content was observed in the liquid slurry. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria were all detected in the manure and all of the treatments on day 0. After 3 days of composting at 55 degrees C, none of these organisms were detectable. In liquid manure and pack treatments, some of these microorganisms were detectable up to 28 days. M. paratuberculosis was detected by standard culture only on day 0 in all the treatments, but was undetectable in any treatment at 3 and 7 days. On days 14, 28, and 56, M. paratuberculosis was detected in the liquid storage treatment but remained undetectable in the compost and pack treatments. However, M. paratuberculosis DNA was detectable through day 56 in all treatments and up to day 175 in liquid storage treatments. Taken together, the results indicate that high-temperature composting is more effective than pack storage or liquid storage of manure in reducing these pathogens in dairy manure. Therefore, thermophilic composting is recommended for treatment of manures destined for pathogen-sensitive environments such as those for vegetable production, residential gardening, or application to rapidly draining fields.
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PMID:Persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and other zoonotic pathogens during simulated composting, manure packing, and liquid storage of dairy manure. 1639 Oct 93

In Escherichia coli, nitrosative mutagenesis may occur during nitrate or nitrite respiration. The endogenous nitrosating agent N2O3 (dinitrogen trioxide, nitrous anhydride) may be formed either by the condensation of nitrous acid or by the autooxidation of nitric oxide, both of which are metabolic by-products. The purpose of this study was to determine which of these two agents is more responsible for endogenous nitrosative mutagenesis. An nfi (endonuclease V) mutant was grown anaerobically with nitrate or nitrite, conditions under which it has a high frequency of A:T-to-G:C transition mutations because of a defect in the repair of hypoxanthine (nitrosatively deaminated adenine) in DNA. These mutations could be greatly reduced by two means: (i) introduction of an nirB mutation, which affects the inducible cytoplasmic nitrite reductase, the major source of nitric oxide during nitrate or nitrite metabolism, or (ii) flushing the anaerobic culture with argon (which should purge it of nitric oxide) before it was exposed to air. The results suggest that nitrosative mutagenesis occurs during a shift from nitrate/nitrite-dependent respiration under hypoxic conditions to aerobic respiration, when accumulated nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to form endogenous nitrosating agents such as N2O3. In contrast, mutagenesis of nongrowing cells by nitrous acid was unaffected by an nirB mutation, suggesting that this mutagenesis is mediated by N2O3 that is formed directly by the condensation of nitrous acid.
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PMID:Evidence for mutagenesis by nitric oxide during nitrate metabolism in Escherichia coli. 1642 85

Hydralazine was one of the first orally active antihypertensive drugs developed. Currently, it is used principally to treat pregnancy-associated hypertension. Hydralazine causes two types of side effects. The first type is an extension of the pharmacologic effect of the drug and includes headache, nausea, flushing, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia, dizziness, and salt retention. The second type of side effects is caused by immunologic reactions, of which the drug-induced lupus-like syndrome is the most common, and provides clues to underscoring hydralazine's DNA demethylating property in connection with studies demonstrating the participation of DNA methylation disorders in immune diseases. Abnormalities in DNA methylation have long been associated with cancer. Despite the fact that malignant tumors show global DNA hypomethylation, regional hypermethylation as a means to silence tumor suppressor gene expression has attracted the greatest attention. Reversibility of methylation-induced gene silencing by pharmacologic means, which in turns leads to antitumor effects in experimental and clinical scenarios, has directed efforts toward developing clinically useful demethylating agents. Among these, the most widely used comprise the nucleosides 5-azacytidine and 2'deoxy-5-azacytidine; however, these agents, like current cytotoxic chemotherapy, causes myelosuppression among other side effects that could limit exploitation of their demethylating properties. Among non-nucleoside DNA demethylating drugs currently under development, the oral drug hydralazine possess the ability to reactivate tumor suppressor gene expression, which is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in vitro and in vivo. Decades of extensive hydralazine use for hypertensive disorders that demonstrated hydralazine's clinical safety and tolerability supported its testing in a phase I trial in patients with cancer, confirming its DNA demethylating activity. Hydralazine is currently being evaluated, along with histone deacetylase inhibitors either alone or as adjuncts to chemotherapy and radiation, for hematologic and solid tumors in phase II studies.
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PMID:Hydralazine target: from blood vessels to the epigenome. 1650

The viability of sex-diagnosed bovine demi-embryos was investigated after transfer. Day-7 morulae and blastocysts were subjected to splitting and biopsy in PBS + 4mg/ml polyvinylpyrrolidone + 200mM sucrose using a microblade. The biopsy (approximately 2 to 8 blastomeres) was transferred to a tube, and its presence in the tube was verified by examination under a stereomicroscope. After proteinase K treatment, repetetive male-specific DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No autosomal control primers were used in the PCR. Instead, the absence of a characteristic Y-specific product together with the amplification of non-specific products was considered an indication of a female sample. The biopsied demi-embryos were transferred either singly or in pairs to synchronous heifer or cow recipients 6 to 10 h after flushing. Sex diagnosis was carried out within 6 to 7 h. Of 19 original embryos, 7 were diagnosed as males and 5 as females. The DNA of the biopsies of the remaining 7 embryos did not result in any amplification products. Since 5 of these samples were seen in the tubes prior to PCR, the corresponding embryos were considered "potential females." The sex of the last 2 samples could not be determined. Nine of 10 embryos were correctly sexed as revealed by calving data. Of the 38 transferred demi-embryos, 16 had developed to live fetuses as detected by ultrasonography on Day 65 of pregnancy. Eleven live calves and three stillborn calves were delivered. After bisection, biopsy and single transfer, 6 live calves were born from 7 original embryos (86%). After transfer of both halves into the same recipient, only 5 live calves from 12 original embryos were produced (42%). None of the 4 manipulated Grade-2 embryos survived to term, nor did any of the 4 manipulated blastocysts. Of the 14 original Grade-1 morulae manipulated and transferred, 15 were live fetuses at Day 65, and 11 live calves were born.
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PMID:Survival of biopsied and sexed bovine demi-embryos. 1672 55

In vitro development of Korean native goat embryos was investigated in 2 different culture systems with and without goat oviduct epithelial cells (GOEC). Estrus was synchronized by inserting intravaginal progestagen-impnegnated sponge (Veramix) containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) for 14 d. Superovulation was induced with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Goat ova were surgically obtained by retrograde flushing the oviducts of does at 66 to 68 h after MAP removal. Mean number of recovered ova per doe was 7.28 +/- 3.91, and the proportion of fertilized embryos in recovered ova was 66.5% (121/182 ). Fertilized embryos were cultured for 9 d in CR1aa medium supplemented with 10% estrous goat serum (EGS) at 38.5 degrees C, 5% CO(2) in air. There was no difference in development of the embryos to the morula stage between the 2 culture systems (84.4 and 84.0%, respectively). However, developmental rate to blastocysts (65.6%) of the embryos co-cultured with GOEC was significantly higher than of those (12.0%) cultured without GOEC (P < 0.001). Goat zygotes were injected with bovine beta-casein/human lactoferrin cDNA fusion gene (pBL1). When the DNA-injected embryos were co-cultured with GOEC, developmental rates of the embryos to the morula and blastocyst stages were 82.9 and 36.6%, respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that "blocking" of in vitro development of Korean native goat embryos appears to occur at the morula stage, but can be overcome to some extent by co-culture with GOEC. In the co-culture system, DNA-injected goat embryos could successfully develop to normal hatching blastocysts.
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PMID:In vitro development of DNA-injected embryos co-cultured with goat oviduct epithelial cells in Korean native goats (Capra hircus aegagrus). 1672 61

The extravasation of DNA-binding vesicant drugs, such as epirubicin, is a feared complication of chemotherapy and can lead to extensive damage at injury sites. We describe a 56-year-old woman with breast cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy after a breast-preserving surgical procedure. Due to catheter tip misplacement, epirubicin, 5-fluouracil, and cyclophosphamide were administered intrapleurally. To minimize long-term sequelae, flushing of the cavities and systemic administration of steroids were performed. Besides this treatment, empirically, 3-day therapy with dexrazoxane was added to prevent tissue damage and the risk of cardiac damage. Because of the potential benefits of dexrazoxane and its relatively mild side effects, its use should be considered in cases of the intrapleural extravasation of anthracyclines. We do emphasis the need for stringent surgical and oncological nursing procedures when using central venous access catheters in oncology.
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PMID:Intrapleural extravasation of epirubicin, 5-fluouracil, and cyclophosphamide, treated with dexrazoxane. 1718 May 16


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