Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitrogen (N2) may accumulate to unacceptable levels during closed-circuit anesthesia (CCA) when the sampled gases are redirected to the anesthesia circuit, because many gas analyzers entrain air as a reference gas to calibrate for oxygen analysis. Using oxygen instead of air as the reference gas for paramagnetic oxygen analysis could attenuate N2 accumulation. Forty-three adult ASA physical status I-III patients undergoing a variety of peripheral and abdominal procedures were assigned to one of two groups, depending on the reference gas used by a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, either air (group I, n = 23) or oxygen (group II, n = 20). Gases sampled by the multigas analyzer were redirected to the anesthesia circuit. End-expired N2 (N2Et) was calculated as "balance gas": (100 - %O2 - %anesthetic vapor - %CO2). N2Et after 55 min (N2Et55min) was correlated with the end-expired N2 concentration when the circuit was closed (N2Et0min) and 5 min (N2Et5min) thereafter. In group I, N2Et accumulated almost linearly over time (t, min): N2Et (%) = 2.47 + 0.61 * t (r2 = 0.999). N2Et0min, N2Et5min, and N2Et55min were 1.3+/-0.8, 5.3+/-1.7, and 35.3+/-5.3%, respectively (mean +/- SD). The correlation (r2) between N2Et55min and N2Et0min was 0.19, and between N2Et55min and N2Et5min it was 0.56. In group II, N2Et increased exponentially: N2Et (%) = 1.01 + 11.9 * (1 - e(-t/43.5)) (r2 = 0.99). N2Et0min, N2Et5min, and N2Et55min were 0.87+/-0.93, 2.6+/-1.5, and 10.1+/-2.9%, respectively. The correlation (r2) between N2Et55min and N2Et0min was 0.04, and between N2Et55min and N2Et5min it was 0.40. We conclude that paramagnetic oxygen analyzers that use oxygen as the reference gas significantly attenuate N2 accumulation during CCA, which may reduce the need for frequent flushing of the anesthesia system, may provide more constant oxygen and nitrous oxide concentrations, and may simplify pharmacokinetic studies of potent inhaled anesthetics.
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PMID:Influence of the reference gas of paramagnetic oxygen analyzers on nitrogen concentrations during closed-circuit anesthesia. 1002 34

Tissue injury following reperfusion represents an essential problem of reconstructive vascular surgery. Pathogenetically toxic oxygen radicals are considered to play a pivotal role. Pharmacotherapeutical approaches are based particularly on antioxidants and vasodilators. However, a standardized regimen is not yet clinically introduced. In 48 adult Lewis-rats lower limb ischemia was induced by aortal cross-clamping. Following 3.5 hours of ischemia intravascular flushing perfusion via the distal aorta with a heparinized electrolyte solution (group B). Group C received additionally oxypurinol, group D alprostadil and group E sodium selenite into the flushing solution. At 4 hours recirculation was established. After 10 min, 30 min and 24 hours of reperfusion we determined lactate, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, malondialdehyde and the laser Doppler flux. At the end of the experiments biopsies were taken from M. tibialis anterior. In comparison to control animals (group A) we observed an attenuation of reperfusion injury in the groups treated with flushing perfusion. Free oxygen radical reactions measured by malondialdehyde release were significantly reduced (30 min: A-209.1 +/- 45.4, B-127.3 +/- 36.9, C-113.2 +/- 14.1, D-99.6 +/- 24.5, E-123.6 +/- 11.2 mmol/l, p < 0.05). The laser Doppler flux measurements corresponded with the biochemical analyses (30 min: A-52.4 +/- 11.1, B-48.0 +/- 11.0, C-72.6 +/- 12.0, D-74.4 +/- 13.3, E-62.6 +/- 10.8% of baseline). Histologically, treatment with alprostadil (PGE1) and oxypurinol revealed superior results. Standardized intraarterial flushing perfusion with antioxidants and vasodilators reduces reperfusion injury. Clinical trials are urgently required to confirm the experimental findings and to optimize the therapy of extremity ischemia/reperfusion injury in humans.
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PMID:[Controlled reperfusion of ischemic extremity musculature to prevent free radical induced lesions]. 1035 90

Irgarol 1051 is an algaecide used in copper-based antifoulant paints for controlling fouling organisms on the hulls of recreational and commercial watercraft. Paints containing this algaecide have been used in Europe since the mid-1980s. In 1998, the first antifouling paints containing Irgarol 1051 were registered for use in the U. S. To examine the risk that Irgarol may pose to aquatic ecosystems, a probabilistic ecological risk assessment was conducted using distributions of exposure and toxicity data. Exposure data for this assessment were derived from 11 monitoring studies (146 stations) conducted in marinas, estuaries, and coastal waters from 1992 to 1997 in six European countries. A comparison of 90th percentile concentrations pooled by station types across all regions showed that concentrations in marinas (316 ng/l) were higher than in estuaries and coastal waters (41 and 19 ng/l, respectively). A 90th percentile of 133 ng/l was reported for all pooled stations. Temporal trends showed that Irgarol concentrations typically peaked in early summer after launching of small boats with much lower concentrations occurring during the spring, fall, and winter. Toxicity data used for this risk assessment were derived primarily from unpublished studies submitted to regulatory agencies. Because Irgarol is a photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide, it is much more toxic to plants than animals. Toxicity values for animals (fish and invertebrates) were much greater than concentrations of Irgarol reported in the environment. Therefore, a conservative approach using a distribution of only plant toxicity data (EC50s for plant growth) was used to derive a 10th percentile of 136 ng/l. This plant toxicity benchmark of 136 ng/l was used for risk characterization. Results from probabilistic analysis showed that ecological risk from Irgarol exposure was low in estuaries, coastal areas, and various open-type marinas. However, 10% or more of the plant species in enclosed marinas with low flushing rates may be exposed to Irgarol concentrations that would reduce photosynthesis activity and growth during the summer. Ecological risk to these sensitive plant species in enclosed marinas will likely be moderated because of the reversibility of Irgarol's inhibition of photosynthesis and the rapid recovery potential of plant communities. The ecological significance of marinas that generally contain numerous stressors such as trace metals, tributyltin, petroleum hydrocarbons, high nutrient concentrations, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations is a management issue that needs to be addressed.
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PMID:An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints. 1045 Dec 64

Hypersensitivity reactions to etoposide are reported infrequently and consist of hypotension, hypertension, flushing, diaphoresis, dyspnea, bronchospasm, and loss of consciousness. A 23-year-old woman experienced acute bronchospasm, tachycardia, hypoxia, and moderate hypertension minutes after an infusion of etoposide was begun. Symptoms resolved within an hour after administration of intravenous fluids, methylprednisolone, diphenhydramine, and oxygen. Subsequently, the patient was given etoposide phosphate without incident. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful rechallenge with etoposide phosphate after an acute hypersensitivity reaction to etoposide.
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PMID:Successful rechallenge with etoposide phosphate after an acute hypersensitivity reaction to etoposide. 1045 71

The objective of the present communication is to describe the role played by combinations between diethydithiocarbamate (DDC) and divalent metals in hemolysis of human RBC. RBC which had been treated with DDC (10-50 microM) were moderately hemolyzed (about 50%) upon the addition of subtoxic amounts of Cu2+ (50 microM). However, a much stronger and a faster hemolysis occurred either if mixtures of RBC-DDC were immediately treated either by Co2+ (50 microM) or by a premixture of Cu2+ and Co2+ (Cu:Co) (50 microM). While Fe2+ and Ni2+, at 50 microM, initiated 30-50% hemolysis when combined with DDC (50 microM), on a molar basis, Cd2+ was at least 50 fold more efficient than any of the other metals in the initiation of hemolysis by DDC. On the other hand, neither Mn2+ nor Zn2+, had any hemolysis-initiating effects. Co2+ was the only metal which totally blocked hemolysis if added to DDC prior to the addition of the other metals. Hemolysis by mixtures of DDC + (Cu:Co) was strongly inhibited by anaerobiosis (flushing with nitrogen gas), by the reducing agents glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine, mercaptosuccinate, ascorbate, TEMPO, and alpha-tocopherol, by the PLA2 inhibitorbromophenacylbromide (BrPACBr), by tetracycline as well as by phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and by trypan blue. However, TEMPO, BrPACBr and PC were the only agents which inhibited hemolysis induced by DDC: Cd2+ complexes. On the other hand, none of the classical scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) employed e.g dimethylthiourea, catalase, histidine, mannitol, sodium benzoate, nor the metal chelators desferal and phenanthroline, had any appreciable inhibitory effects on hemolysis induced by DDC + (Cu:Co). DDC oxidized by H2O2 lost its capacity to act in concert either with Cu2+ or with Cd2+ to hemolyze RBC. While either heating RBC to temperatures greater than 37 degrees C or exposure of the cells to glucose-oxidase-generated peroxide diminished their susceptibility to hemolysis, exposure to the peroxyl radical from AAPH, enhanced hemolysis by DDC + (Cu:Co). The cyclovoltammetry patterns of DDC were drastically changed either by Cu2+, Co2+ or by Cd2+ suggesting a strong interaction of the metals with DDC. Also, while the absorbance spectrum of DDC at 280 nm was decreased by 50% either by Co2+, Cd2+ or by H2O2, a 90% reduction in absorbance occurred if DDC + H2O2 mixtures were treated either by Cu2+ or by Co2+, but not by Cd2+. Taken together, it is suggested that DDC-metal chelates can induce hemolysis by affecting the stability and the integrity of the RBC membrane, and possibly also of the cytoskeleton and the role played by reducing agents as inhibitors might be related to their ability to deplete oxygen which is also supported by the inhibitory effects of anaeobiosis.
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PMID:Hemolysis of human red blood cells induced by the combination of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and divalent metals: modulation by anaerobiosis, certain antioxidants and oxidants. 1049 Feb 37

The effects of spray-drying of the unicellular microalga Dunaliella salina on its beta-carotene content and geometric isomer composition have been studied. The efficacy of a range of synthetic and natural antioxidants in preventing degradation of beta-carotene has been determined. Losses of beta-carotene and isomerization were minimal during processing for both the control (no exogenous antioxidants) and the samples containing butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). However, the use of tocopherol-based antioxidants resulted in degradation of 52-72% of beta-carotene during the drying process. All dried powders of Dunaliella proved to be unstable during storage in the presence of light and air, with beta-carotene degraded according to a first-order kinetic model. Of the antioxidants studied, only TBHQ was successful in significantly minimizing degradation (degradation constants of 0.03 and 0.04 days(-)(1), compared to 0.53 days(-)(1) for the respective control). For control powders and those with BHT added to the feed, the degradation constants were reduced to values between 0.27 and 0.37 days(-)(1) by restricting light and flushing with nitrogen; however, storage in the dark alone had no effect. For more slowly degrading powders having TBHQ added to the feed, it was clear that degradation of beta-carotene was influenced by both light and oxygen. During storage the 9-cis isomer of beta-carotene was significantly more unstable than the all-trans form. TBHQ was, however, successful in reducing relative losses of this isomer for samples stored in the dark. The results suggest a dominant photodegradative mechanism for the loss of the 9-cis isomer of beta-carotene.
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PMID:Spray-drying of the microalga Dunaliella salina: effects on beta-carotene content and isomer composition. 1055 90

The purpose of this study was to develop a benchtop apparatus to simulate the scale-up of the moist-heat sterilization process of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) gel and identify critical process parameters that affect the sterilized gel viscosity. A 600-ml benchtop Parr reactor was modified and used to achieve good correlation with a previously established heating profile using different equipment at the manufacturing site. The Parr reactor is constructed with 316 stainless steel, pressure rated to 2000 psig, and temperature rated to 350 degrees C. After several trials, a low-wattage heater (300 W) was determined to be suitable for this sterilization process (122 degrees C for 20 min). An anchor stirrer was installed for more efficient mixing while the gel was being sterilized. Evacuation and nitrogen flushing of the vessel could easily be performed through the gas inlet valves. The temperature controller (model 4843) has a microprocessor-based control module that provides a temperature profile control with adjustable tuning parameters. This apparatus was used to mimic the full-scale sterilization process by simulating the production sterilization temperature profile. Using this device, we found that the critical process parameters that affected final product viscosity were heating time, the starting pressure, residual oxygen concentration in the vessel, and the inherent viscosity of the CMC raw material. This study indicated that it is possible to use the Parr reactor to simulate the scale-up sterilization process of a semisolid product. A product with a consistent viscosity range could be manufactured by controlling critical process parameters during sterilization.
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PMID:Development and evaluation of a laboratory-scale apparatus to simulate the scale-up of a sterile semisolid and effects of manufacturing parameters on product viscosity. 1057 10

Differentiation of diseases of the equine respiratory tract is based on history, clinical signs, auscultation, endoscopy, imaging, and sampling of airway exudate. Upper respiratory therapies include surgical correction of airway obstructions; flushing of localized abscesses (strangles), guttural pouch disease, or sinusitis; and oral or parenteral antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy if deemed necessary. Pneumonia usually is treated with antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and bronchodilators. Pleural drainage is indicated if significant pleural effusion is present. The most commonly used therapies for early inflammatory and chronic allergic obstructive conditions include bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories. Acute respiratory distress, particularly acute pulmonary edema, is treated with diuretics (usually furosemide), intranasal oxygen, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and alleviation of the underlying cause. Furosemide also had been used in North America as a race-day preventative for exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), but recent data have shown that furosemide may be a performance-enhancing agent itself.
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PMID:Equine respiratory pharmacology. 1058 73

Local cooling of the brain by respiration has been found in several animal species with a rete mirabile in the carotid artery/cavernous sinus complex. The present experiment was made to investigate whether a similar cooling could be found in the rat, which does not have a rete. Eleven rats were anesthetized and intubated. Three thermoprobes were inserted into the brain (two probes) and rectum, and the temperatures measured continuously. The nasal cavities were flushed with oxygen (250-1000 ml/min) during 15-min periods, interrupted by 15-min control periods. The mean brain temperature decreased by 0.43 +/- 0.03 degree C (n = 86, P < 0.005) with individual values up to 1.11 degrees C during the flushing periods. The decrease was oxygen-flow dependent, but not correlated to the rectal temperature. It is concluded that even an animal species without a rete mirabile is able to decrease the brain temperature through nasal cooling. The cooling was probably connected to the blood flow. If the results can be extrapolated to man (no rete mirabile), brain temperature can be decreased by nasal flushing with air or oxygen in intubated patients with hyperthermia. We also suggest that this simple treatment will reduce the infarct volume after head injury, trauma, or brain ischemia.
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PMID:Cooling of the brain through oxygen flushing of the nasal cavities in intubated rats: an alternative model for treatment of brain injury. 1067 78

We have investigated inspiratory and end-tidal gas composition during sevoflurane anaesthesia in a closed circle system with continuous gas flow (70 litre min-1, Physioflex) to determine possible accumulation of sevoflurane degradation products. During five abdominal operations in adults lasting more than 2 h, anaesthesia was maintained with an end-tidal concentration of 2% sevoflurane in 40% oxygen-air. The circle included an absorbing canister filled with 1 litre of fresh soda lime. Samples were obtained at the end of an expiration from the tracheal tube and from the inspiratory limb before, and at selected times after, addition of sevoflurane. The temperature of soda lime was 24.7 +/- 0.7 degrees C at the beginning and reached a maximum of 31.2 +/- 1.0 degrees C after 20-30 min, followed by a plateau. Inspiratory compound A (CH2F-O-C(= CF2)(CF3)) 3-8 ppm was detected after 10 min, but did not accumulate in the circle over 2 h without flushing. Expired concentrations were consistently lower with 1.5-3 ppm signalling absorption by patients. Calculated total amounts absorbed over 2 h varied between 2.0 and 7.2 ppm h. Other degradation products such as compound B or methanol were not detected. In summary, we did not detect sevoflurane metabolites with soda lime in significant amounts during closed circle anaesthesia with the Physioflex. The observed concentrations of compound A were below the threshold of nephrotoxicity in rats by a factor of more than 20.
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PMID:Compound A does not accumulate during closed circuit sevoflurane anaesthesia with the Physioflex. 1067 71


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