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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of evacuation of atmospheric air during transportation on recovery of anaerobic bacteria was investigated. Evacuation of atmospheric air from glass tubes by flushing with pure carbon dioxide lowered the content of oxygen to about 0.4 per cent. Three B. fragilis strains and one strain of Fusobacterium mortiferum and of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were investigated. Bacterial recovery was determined one hour and 24 hours after evacuation of atmospheric air by pure carbon dioxide and pure nitrogen, was compared to bacterial recovery from samples transported with free access to atmospheric air. Evacuation by pure carbon dioxide significantly improved the recovery of one B. fragilis strain after 24 hours of transportation and significantly impaired the recovery of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after one hour of transportation, while evacuation by pure nitrogen significantly improved the recovery of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after 24 hours of transportation. In all other cases, however, no statistically significant effect on bacterial recovery was found.
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PMID:Survival of anaerobic bacteria during transportation. 1. Experimental investigations on the effect of evacuation of atmospheric air by flushing with carbon dioxide and nitrogen. 0 89

The present study shows that in the presence of 600 nm light, sulfide acts as a specific inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport between water and Photosystem II in the cyanobacteria Aphanothece halophytica and Synechococcus 6311 as well as in tobacco chloroplasts. In the presence of 600 nm light sulfied affects the fast fluorescence transients as does a low concentration (10 mM) of hydroxylamine; the fluorescence yield decreases in the presence of either chemical and can be restored by the addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. In chloroplasts, however, NH2OH, an electron donor at high concentrations (40 mM), relieves the sulfide effect. In the dark, sulfide affects the cyanobacterial fluorescence transients through decrease of oxygen tension. The fluorescence yield increases in a similar pattern to that observed under nitrogen flushing. Upon omission of sulfide in A. halophytica, the characteristic aerobic fluorescence transients return, consistent with the ease of alternation between oxygenic and sulfide-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis in many cyanobacteria.
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PMID:Sulfide inhibition of photosystem II in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and tobacco chloroplasts. 10 20

The polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) fire retardant, FireMaster FF-1, was pyrolyzed for 20 min at 380-400 degrees C in open glass tubes and in tubes sealed after nitrogen flushing. The pyrolyzed residue was extracted with benzene, and extracts were cleaned up on columns of graphite (Carbopack A) and alumina. Analysis was carried out by low resolution direct probe mass spectrometry (MS). Spectra from extracts of the open tube pyrolyzed material had a series of ions characteristic of tetra- and pentabrominated dibenzofurans as evidenced by comparison with spectra from 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBDF). Confirmatory evidence for the brominated dibenzofurans was obtained by high resolution MS dual ion analysis of certain fragment and molecular ions. Recovery values of TBDF through the cleanup procedure averaged 50% and, using this recovery value and TBDF as an external standard, dual ion analyses indicated that 40 ppm tetra- and 4 ppm pentabrominanted dibenzofuran were produced based on the PBB level used in the pyrolysis experiments. Additional analysis of the open tube pyrolyzed material by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry provided evidence that there was one tetrabromodibenzofuran compound with a retention time equal to that of TBDF. Trace levels (less than 1 ppm) of the molecular ion of tetrabrominated dibenzofuran were found after analysis by low resolution MS of the PBB pyrolyzed under nitrogen in sealed tubes. The experimental evidence is consistent with a mechanism for brominated dibenzofuran formation involving attack of oxygen on PBB compounds.
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PMID:Formation of brominated dibenzofurans from pyrolysis of the polybrominated biphenyl fire retardant, firemaster FF-1. 20 98

The mean minimum generation time in shake culture in urine of 6 urinary isolates of Escherichia coli (21.7 +/- 0.6 min) was significantly shorter (P = 0.0003) than that of 14 isolates of less common urinary pathogens (46.0 +/- 18.6 min). Mixed populations of approximately equal numbers of E. coli cells paired with other urinary, fecal, and urethral organisms were introduced into a laboratory model of the lower human urinary tract. This model used urine as a medium and reproduced some features of the balance between bacterial growth and the flushing effect of urine. After 24 h E. coli formed greater than or equal to 99% of the bacterial population in the bladder model for 16 our of 18 pairs of isolates examined. Relatively high oxygen tensions in urine sample from 18 healthy women (10.9 +/- 22. kPA) and 18 infected patients (8.0 +/- 4.3 kPa) may explain why anaerobic urinary infections are uncommon. The rapid growth rate of E. coli may be one explanation why it is the commonest cause of urinary infection even though it is relatively uncommon at the urethral meatus.
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PMID:Role of bacterial growth rates in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of urinary infections in women. 23 Jan 98

Gaseous oxygen perfusion of the stored kidney provides life-supporting renal function in canine kidneys damaged by 30 min of warm ischaemia followed by cold storage for a total of 24 hr. Other simple methods of renal preservation, including simple flushing and cold storage and oxygenation of the flush solution and the fluid surrounding the kidney during storage, did not result in consistent life-supporting renal function under these experimental conditions. Low pressure venous oxygen perfusion of the kidney produced significantly better renal function than arterial oxygen perfusion as measured by post-transplant creatinine values. This preservation technique uses apparatus readily available in hospitals and once instituted does not require supervision. It may have clinical application in cadaveric renal transplantation, particularly if the donor kidney has been subjected to warm ischaemia.
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PMID:Gaseous oxygen perfusion of the renal vessels as an adjunct in kidney preservation. 39 31

Prostaglandin type E1 has been administered on 4 different occasions in a newborn with a ductus-dependent complex congenital cyanotic heart disease. Dramatic improvement of the arterial oxygen concentration followed each prostaglandin infusion. Increased pulmonary circulation and widening of the ductus arteriosus were seen on angiographic examination. Transient flushing of the skin and mild pyrexia were the only complications noted. It is advised that prostaglandin type E1 be used in ductus-dependent heart diseases as an emergency therapy when indicated.
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PMID:Effect of E1 type prostaglandin on hypoxemia in a cyanotic congenital cardiac malformation. 89 77

The influence of common duct occlusion on susceptibility to infection with anaerobic gram-negative rods was investigated in rabbits. Intravenous inoculation was performed with three B. fragilis strains isolated from human infections and with a stock culture of Fusobacterium mortiferum. Liver tissue, gallbladder, bile, and blood were investigated. Anaerobic culture procedures were based on the use of a 'glove-box' with an oxygen-free atmosphere and pre-reduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Anaerobic transport was based on flushing of samples with oxygen-free carbon dioxide and transport-time less than 30 minutes. In regard to two B. fragilis strains (ss. fragilis) and in regard to Fusobacterium mortiferum, common duct occlusion significantly increased the number of infected animals compared to a control group of inoculated animals without common duct occlusion. Spontaneous infection did not arise in a control group of animals with common duct ligation. It is concluded that: 1) in biliary tract occlusion, anaerobic bacteria are able to invade the biliary tract from the blood stream, and 2) biliary tract occlusion produces sufficient anaerobic conditions for obligate anaerobic bacteria to multiply in the bile.
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PMID:Susceptibility of the liver and biliary tract to anaerobic infection in extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction. Bacteriological investigations - an experimental study in rabbits. 118 11

The University of Wisconsin solution, which contains a high potassium concentration (120 mmol/L), was evaluated for rabbit lung preservation by comparing it with a modified University of Wisconsin solution with low potassium (4 mmol/L), a low-potassium dextran solution (4 mmol/L), and simple surface cooling. In the first three groups rabbit lungs were flushed in situ with the solution (n = 5 in each group); then the lung-heart block was harvested and stored at 10 degrees C for 30 hours. In the surface cooling group the lungs were harvested without flushing and then simply immersed in saline and stored. For assessment, the stored lung was ventilated with room air and perfused with fresh venous blood at a rate of 40 ml/min for 10 minutes. Assessment of lung function included gas analysis of effluent blood, mean pulmonary artery perfusion pressure, and peak airway pressure. Among these parameters, oxygen tension was most sensitive. Oxygen tension at 10 minutes' perfusion in the modified University of Wisconsin (95 +/- 6 mm Hg) and low-potassium dextran (99 +/- 4 mm Hg) groups was significantly higher than that in the surface cooling (61 +/- 7 mm Hg) and University of Wisconsin (51 +/- 7 mm Hg) groups. There was no difference between the modified University of Wisconsin and low-potassium dextran groups or between the surface cooling and University of Wisconsin groups. We conclude that the low-potassium University of Wisconsin solution is superior to the high-potassium University of Wisconsin solution and that the lactobionate and raffinose included in the University of Wisconsin solution as impermeants do not improve lung preservation in this model.
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PMID:Comparison of the University of Wisconsin preservation solution and other crystalloid perfusates in a 30-hour rabbit lung preservation model. 137 Feb 34

While the clinical results of orthotopic liver transplantation have greatly improved, the viability of liver grafts and extension of the safe time for preservation are necessary factors in need of improvement. The liver is one of the organs most sensitive to anoxia. The addition of an oxygen carrying agent to the preservation solution was evaluated. Pyridoxalated hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) is used as an oxygen carrier. Viaspan (UW) served as a control solution. Test solution (PHP+UW) composition was composed of a 1:1 mixture of PHP and UW solutions with hemoglobin 4.0g%, hydroxyethyl starch 2.5g%, osmolality 320 mOsm/kg H2O, and colloidal osmotic pressure 33 mmHg. The oxygen carrying capacity of PHP+UW solution is about 10 times higher than UW solution at 4 degrees C. Male Lewis rats (BW: 250-300 g) were divided into five groups. After flushing the solution via the portal vein, rat livers were harvested. Two preservation methods, simple storage and perfusion (0.1 ml/min/g liver), were studied at 4 degrees C for 24 or 48 hours. OxyHb, MetHb, pO2, pH, Na, K, GOT, and GPT of perfusate, hepatic mitochondrial functions after preservation, and tissue adenine nucleotides by HPLC were measured. Light microscopy on the tissue was also performed. No significant differences were noted in perfusate biochemical parameters. Oxygen consumption during the perfusion was significantly higher in the PHP+UW than in the UW group. Hepatic mitochondrial functions and tissue ATP levels were better preserved in perfusion than in simple storage, and in PHP+UW than in UW at 48 hours. The oxygen carrying agent, PHP, can provide significantly higher levels of oxygen to liver grafts and improve graft viability.
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PMID:Does oxygen supply improve graft viability in liver preservation? 139 76

We examined the hypothesis that the degree of inflation of the lungs at the time of harvest may have an important role in postpreservation function. Lungs of donor dogs randomly assigned to groups 1 (n = 5) and 2 (n = 5) were ventilated with large tidal volumes (tidal volume, 25 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 5 cm H2O; respiratory rate, 12 breaths/min, inspired oxygen fraction 1.0) and were inflated to 30 cm H2O for 15 seconds before pulmonary artery flush and again immediately before tracheal crossclamping. In group 3 (n = 5) donor lungs were normally ventilated (tidal volume, 12.5 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure 0 cm H2O; respiratory rate 12 breaths/min, inspired oxygen fraction, 1.0) and were not hyperinflated before pulmonary artery flushing; the trachea was crossclamped at end-inspiration. In groups 1 and 3 a large bolus (25 micrograms/kg) of prostaglandin E1 was injected into the pulmonary artery before flushing and was also added to the pulmonary artery flush solution (500 micrograms/L). A rapid (approximately 50 seconds), high-volume mm Hg), hypothermic (4 degrees C) pulmonary artery flush was performed in all hypothermic (4 degrees C) pulmonary artery flush was performed in all groups with modified Euro-Collins solution. Heart-lung blocks were stored at 4 degrees C for approximately 29 hours before left single lung allografting. An inflatable cuff was placed around the recipient right pulmonary artery, allowing independent study of the transplanted lung. Hyperinflated lungs harvested with or without prostaglandin E1 provided equivalently excellent early posttransplant function (arterial oxygen tension [mean +/- standard deviation]: group 1; 503 +/- 45, vs group 2; 529 +/- 150 mm Hg; inspired oxygen fraction 1.0). Mean arterial oxygen tension was significantly lower in group 3 (116 +/- 78 mm Hg) than in either groups 1 or 2 (p < 0.0002 for either comparison). Copious reperfusion pulmonary edema was a constant feature in group 3 but was not seen in groups 1 and 2. All 10 recipients in groups 1 and 2 survived the 3-day assessment period without difficulty; two of the five recipients in group 3 died during initial unilateral perfusion of the transplanted lung. Donor hyperventilation and inflation to 30 cm H2O before hypothermic storage can help provide excellent posttransplantation lung function after 30-hour preservation, with or without prostaglandin E1 pretreatment. We speculate that this improvement may be due to effects of increased lung volume on pulmonary vascular tone and/or surfactant metabolism.
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PMID:Reliable thirty-hour lung preservation by donor lung hyperinflation. 140 66


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