Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of food on the bioavailability of nifedipine (Procardia), 10 mg capsules, was studied. Each of 15 male volunteers received a single oral 10 mg dose with 120 ml water under three conditions: fasting, after a low-fat (high-carbohydrate) meal, and after a high-fat meal. An open, three-way Latin-square design was employed with a 4-day washout period between administrations. Serial blood samples were collected just before the dose (0 hour) and from 0 to 8 hours after administration. Nifedipine assays were performed by GLC/electron capture detection. Diet did not appreciably alter the AUC from 0 to 8 hours, the AUC from 0 to infinity, or the elimination half-life. The time to peak (tmax) and peak concentrations (Cmax) were significantly altered by food. The mean Cmax values for fasting, low-fat, and high-fat meals were 78.9, 42.2, and 58.7 ng/ml, respectively. The mean tmax values for these three conditions were 0.97, 1.89, and 1.07 hours, respectively. The results indicate that food, in particular a low-fat (high-carbohydrate) meal, slows the rate but does not alter the extent of nifedipine absorption. Insofar as certain side effects (e.g., flushing and headache) may be related to the high peak plasma levels associated with rapid absorption, administration with meals might serve to reduce the incidence of such effects. Clinical trials would be necessary to confirm this possibility. For the majority of patients on routine maintenance therapeutic regimens, nifedipine capsules may be administered without regard to food intake.
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PMID:Effect of food on nifedipine pharmacokinetics. 359 68

To evaluate the thermal performance of anti-exposure garments in rough seas, eight garment-ensembles were studied: 7 foam-insulated garments (2 tight-fitting "wet" suits, 3 loose-fitting "wet" garments, 2 "dry" suits) and 1 uninsulated, loose-fitting control. Mean calm and rough water temperatures were 10.7 and 11.1 degrees C, respectively. Rectal temperature, back skin temperature, heart rate, and subjective evaluations of garment protection were measured. Loose-fitting, "wet" garments allowed significantly greater (approximately 50-100%) mean rectal temperature cooling rates and significantly larger declines in skin temperature in rough water than in calm water. Such differences were not found for either the tight-fitting "wet" suits or the "dry" suits. Heart rates were significantly higher in rough seas than in calm seas for all garments. Rectal and skin temperature changes were positively correlated with each other and with subjective evaluation of cold water flushing; they were negatively correlated with warmth and tightness-of-fit. "Dry" garments provided better protection than did "wet" garments in both sea conditions, and tight-fitting "wet" garments provided better protection than did loose-fitting "wet" garments in rough but not in calm seas. Accidental immersion in rough seas may be associated with significantly lower survival times than previously estimated from calm-water studies.
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PMID:Immersion hypothermia: comparative protection of anti-exposure garments in calm versus rough seas. 360 16

Forty-seven nosocomial cases of legionellosis due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were diagnosed in one major outbreak from November 1982 to March 1983 in a 960-bed teaching hospital. Contaminated water was considered to be a possible source of infection because, during that period, monthly samples were found to be positive with averages of 10(4) CFU/l. After chlorination of hot water associated with flushing of outlets, nearly all samples taken in the next two years were found to be negative. A case-control study was performed to examine potential risk factors. Three groups of controls were randomly selected among eligible patients. In a multivariate analysis, only three clinical factors were found to be associated with legionellosis patients: malignant illness (relative risk, RR = 3.5), presence of an ultimately fatal disease (RR = 2.6), and exposure to corticosteroids prior to admission (RR = 7.9). Investigations of in-hospital exposures suggest that during this nosocomial outbreak diagnostic or therapeutic respiratory procedures had not increased the risk of illness. Although the epidemiological association between water contamination and disease remains unclear, the eradication of L. pneumophila from the identified supply seems to have been effective in preventing disease in this hospital.
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PMID:Epidemiological survey of a major outbreak of nosocomial legionellosis. 366 49

Due to difficulties caused by the presence of hemoglobin-containing erythrocytes, the structures of whole blood clots have not been reported. A perfusion technique described herein allowed the study of plasma and blood clots. Gel fiber diameter, fiber mass-to-length ratio, and average pore diameter were calculated from measurements of solvent flow through gels. When perfused with saline, intact erythrocytes washed from clots of whole blood. Subsequent perfusion with water resulted in rapid hemolyzing of remaining erythrocytes and flushing of hemoglobin from the network. The minimal impact of erythrocytes on fibrin fiber structure was indicated by similar fiber mass-to-length ratios, 7.4 vs. 9.3 X 10(13) Da/cm, for plasma and blood clots, respectively. Pore sizes were larger in gels formed in the presence of erythrocytes, increasing from 3.3 X 10(-4) cm for plasma gels to 5.1 X 10(-4) for gels containing 20% erythrocytes. The washing of red cells from clots confirmed calculated clot pore sizes (approximately 5 microns) and was testimony to the size of the spaces within the gel. Egress of cells and macromolecules to the site of injury during wound healing may be a function of the size of these spaces. The demonstrated applicability of this technique should allow study of this question.
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PMID:Fibrin has larger pores when formed in the presence of erythrocytes. 368 51

An automated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of an aldosterone antagonist (I) is described using column switching for direct injection of urine samples. After dilution with buffered internal standard solution, the sample was injected onto a clean-up column (17 X 4.6 mm I.D.), dry-packed with C18 reversed-phase material (particle size 30 micron). Polar urine components were removed by flushing the clean-up column with water. Retained substances, including I and the internal standard, were desorbed by backflush elution onto a 5-micron ODS-silica analytical column (125 X 4 mm I.D.), separated with water-methanol-tetrahydrofuran, and detected at 295 nm. After backflushing the analytical column and re-equilibrating the clean-up column, the system was ready for the next injection. The limit of quantification was ca. 100 ng/ml, using a 100-microliter specimen of diluted urine. The mean inter-assay precision of the method up to 25.6 micrograms/ml was 2%. Practicability and accuracy of the new method were demonstrated by the application to excretion studies performed with human volunteers.
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PMID:Determination of an aldosterone antagonist in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using automated column switching. 373 79

A diffusion chamber similar to that proposed by J.J. McGrath (J. Microsc., in press) was constructed which allows microscopic observation of osmotically induced volume changes of individual cells in small (microliter) sample volumes. The cells are kept fixed in position in the upper compartment of the chamber by means of a highly permeable membrane and exposed to a step-like change in concentration generated in the lower compartment. An electrical conductivity probe in the upper compartment was used to monitor the temporal change of salt concentration as experienced by the cells. The rise from isotonic to hypertonic can be approximated by an exponential function. Its time constant of tau = 2.08 sec seems to be mainly determined by the change in flushing solution as tau = 1.48 sec was measured with no membrane installed. With human lymphocytes, no loss of cell volume was detected before 5 sec, i.e., when 95% of the final concentration was reached extracellularly. A step change can hence be assumed when modeling exosmosis for determining the lymphocyte membrane permeability. The equations for coupled transport of water and salt were solved numerically and fitted to the experimental data. The results were also compared to various other transport models described in the literature. Human lymphocytes are almost ideally semipermeable with a hydraulic reference permeability of Lp = 4.23 X 10(-4) cm/sec (3.13 X 10(-3) micron X atm-1 X sec-1) at T = 23 degrees C. The temperature and concentration dependence are described by an activation energy Ea = 14.3 kJ/mol and a concentration coefficient alpha 2 = 0.261 osmol/kg. An osmotically inactive volume fraction of 36.9% was determined from the final cell volumes reached asymptotically after shrinkage.
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PMID:Determination of the permeability of human lymphocytes with a microscope diffusion chamber. 374 7

Among 1,500 patients treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, 1,300 had calculi less than 2.5 cm in diameter and 200 had calculi of 2.5 cm or larger. Although most patients did well and required no further radiologic intervention, 178 interventional radiologic procedures were performed. Urinary tract obstruction often developed in patients with large stones when the collecting system filled with stone fragments (steinstrasse). Nephrostomy was performed in 5.3% of the total patient population and in 29% of the patients with stones measuring 2.5 cm or more. Only 1.8% of the patients with calculi smaller than 2.5 cm required radiologic intervention. When the obstructed collecting system could not be crossed with conventional angiographic techniques, the stone fragments were removed through a percutaneous nephrostomy tract either by flushing or by suctioning with a pulsating water jet.
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PMID:Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: interventional radiologic solutions to associated problems. 378 4

A wet-suit worn external to normal clothing and covering the trunk and arms only has been assessed as a method for providing short-term immersion protection for helicopter passengers in offshore oil field operations. Manikin measurements of effective insulation in water give a mean figure of 0.54 togs for the areas covered by the suit and 0.09 togs for uncovered areas. These figures were used to obtain model predictions of survival time for 'thin' and 'average' men which suggest that the suit can give adequate protection for 1 h at 5 degrees C subject to care in fitting. Direct measurements of heat flux have demonstrated the presence of water flushing beneath the suit and the potentially serious loss of insulation that can result.
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PMID:The thermal performance of partial coverage wet suits. 379 24

The occurrence of legionella in the hot water systems of two buildings (A and B) was investigated in relation to the water temperature. The peripheral parts of both hot water systems were found to be colonized by these organisms. A temperature of 60 degrees C in the hot water mains returning from the building eliminated legionellas from the mains as well as from the peripheral taps and showers. Legionellas could be isolated from taps, showers and the mains when the temperature in the return mains was kept at 54 degrees C. The hot water systems could not be completely decontaminated by raising the hot water temperature in the return mains to 70 degrees C combined with flushing all the taps and showers. It is suggested that failure to decontaminate the systems is due to dead ends in the pipeline network, which are not reached by the hot water and that these dead ends are the source for recolonization of the systems.
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PMID:Influence of temperature on the number of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems. 383 Oct 4

A sodium fluorescein solution was introduced into an upfeed serpentine and a horizontal automatic watering rack manifold. Water samples were collected from nine drinking valves on each manifold prior to and after flushing at 12 pounds per square inch water pressure for 15 seconds, one minute, and five minutes. The water samples were assayed for fluorescein and it was found that the chemical was effectively removed by flushing from the upfeed serpentine manifold, while significant levels of fluorescein remained in the horizontal manifold even after five minutes flushing.
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PMID:Use of a chemical tracer to evaluate water movement through two automatic watering rack manifolds during flushing. 398 64


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