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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Water pollution was monitored in six Gambian village wells over a period of 8 months spanning the 5-month monomodal rains and the pre- and post-rains dry periods. Faecal coliform (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) counts were high throughout and there was a massive increase associated with the onset of the rains, maximum counts exceeding 5 x 10(5)/100 ml. This pattern was largely sustained throughout the rainy season. Some individual variations in patterns of pollution could be ascribed to well design, in particular lining of the shaft, but no well was protected from the seasonal increase in faecal pollution. The source of the increased pollution appeared to be a flushing in of faecal material of indeterminate or mixed human and animal origin, probably over considerable distances. Peaks of pollution not associated with rainfall episodes could have resulted from the practice of communal laundering in the near vicinity of the wells. Specific pathogens including Salmonella spp. were isolated only intermittently. Attention has been drawn to a problem complicating the standard method for assessing FC counts.
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PMID:The relationship between rainfall and well water pollution in a West African (Gambian) village. 37 8

Hilar drainage fluid of dog kidneys was analyzed as an approximation to renal extracellular fluid after preservation by flushing with chilled high K-low Na solution (Collins C4) followed by ice-cold storage for 24 and 48 hr in a bath of flushing medium. Compared with the medium, Na and Cl were increased to 30 mM/liter and K decreased slightly to 93 mM/liter. Glucose decreased, whereas lactate, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase increased by significant amounts in both the drainage fluid and bath. The inulin space of the undrained kidney average 37% of wet weight. Calculated intracellular Na and Cl concentrations averaged 50 and 37 mM/kg cell water while K remained within normal limits. A significant fraction of red blood cells retained during initial flushing entered the effluent during storage. Bath and effluent composition of a human cadaver kidney approximated those of a dog.
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PMID:Extracellular fluid of the kidney preserved by the Collins technique. 46 28

The purpose of this study was to find a safer, more rapid and easier disinfection process for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (F.F.B.) by using ordinary disinfectants and a detergent. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aures, E. coli, Serratia marcescens and Candida albicans were used as sources of contamination. The mixed bacterial growth preparations for contamination of the F.F.B. were the same as those previously mentioned in our study. Comparative bacteriological studies, between glutaraldehyde (GA) ethylalcohol (AL) and chlorhexidine (CHX) with and without usage of benzalkonium chloride (B.C.) solution and sterile water (W) as the detergent were performed and the following conclusions were obtained: 1. Contaminating microorganisms were reduced from 10(-3)/ml to 10(-4)/ml colony count after flushing with W and B.C. This procedure is very helpful for consecutive rapid disinfections or sterilizations of the F.F.B. 2. The effect of disinfectants with usage of a detergent was much better than without a detergent. Required immersion time in the disinfectants with detergent was reduced to periods as short as 60 seconds. 3. Of the three disinfectants, the most effective was CHX, GA next, and AL third. 4. Unsatisfactory disinfection occurred in some instances when there were functional disorders with the F.F.B. despite adequate amounts of disinfectant and detergent.
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PMID:Effect of disinfectants with and without usage of detergent for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. 52 89

The mode of operation of grinding faces, rod diamonds and diamond grinding heads which are expecially employed in oto-surgery was investigated in slow motion pictures with the aid of high frequency cinematography. The R.P.M. ranged between 5,000-80,000, the picture frequency was usually 6,000 pictures per second. Full efficiency of the diamond grinding heads (DS) is only guaranteed by adequate flushing. Water stream flushing and drop flushing (drop sequence depending on R.P.M.) must be centered on the grinding head, as increased soiling due to filling of the diamond surface occurs otherwise. Because of the fixed mounting of the spray tube in the direction of the shaft, spray flushing is most useful, although not unsable for diamond faces. Due to its very fine-rough surface, the DS produces grinding dust by abrasion from the bone or cartilage which is readily distributed in the airspace over the whole working area. The same does also apply to finely atomized fluid sprays. Cutting is performed tangentially. The percussing DS touches the bone only with a small part of its surface and easily gets soiled. Depending on the R.P.M., the cutting speed was 10,000-80,000 R.P.M. These values also apply for the fluid dropping rate. Contrary to the rose bit or the surgical fraises, the DS got soiled more easily and produced definitely finer cuts.
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PMID:[High frequency cinematographic investigations of the mode of operation of common grinding instruments on bone and cartilage (author's transl)]. 57 2

Microbial contamination of the water system in 12 dental units and nine ultrasonic scalers was investigated. Water samples from ultrasonic scalers, high-speed handpieces and water syringe lines showed microbial concentrations of up to 2.6 million, 3.3 million and 190,000 colony forming units/ml respectively. Flushing the lines for 2 minutes reduced the microbial levels, but complete elimination of all bacteria was not achieved. The infectious potential of contaminated water, to the dentists and patients, particularly the compromised host is discussed.
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PMID:Microbial contamination of dental units and ultrasonic scalers. 78 53

A study was conducted on the effects of two antibiotics (gentamicin and carbenicillin) and of a sudden change from an isotonic to a hypotonic solution on the release of endotoxin by three gram-negative bacteria(Esherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) growing on a 0.22-mum pore size membrane filter. During a 72-hour constant flow of sterile lactated Ringers's solution through the contaminated filters, no endotoxin was released into the filtrates as tested by the coagulation of Limulus amebocyte lysate. However, flushing the filters with carbenicillin or gentamicin killed the bacteria and caused the release of endotoxin into the filtrates. A sudden osmotic change (flushing the filter with water) did not kill the bacteria nor cause the release of endotoxin into the filtrate.
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PMID:Effect of antibiotics and osmotic change on the release of endotoxin by bacteria retained on intravenous inline filters. 80 34

A technique was developed to measure water exchange in the endometrical canal (uterine cavity). This type of determination should provide information necessary to understanding intrauterine pharmacokinetics. In the study described, measurements were performed on one cynomologus and four rhesus monkeys. Endometrial fluid in the uterine cavity was replaced with a 3H2O solution of known specific radioactivity (dpm/ml). Radioactivity remaining in the cavity at measured intervals of approximately 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 min following replacement was determined by flushing out the cavity. By extrapolating the 3H2O disappearance curve versus time to t = 0 (zero time), the apparent cavity volume (aVc) was derived. Values for aVc and t 1/2 3H2O were used to calculate endometrial fluid-water turnover rate. Mean values determined in four rhesus monkeys were as follows: aVc, 0.032 ml; t 1/2 H2O, 1.17 min; 24-h H2O turnover, 19.5 ml. In general, this value for H2O turnover was considerably higher than values of endometrial fluid production quantitated by other techniques. Water measurements in human uteri similar to those reported here appear feasible and are anticipated in future work.
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PMID:3H2O volume and exchange in uterine cavity of monkeys. 81 66

Secondary sewage effluent and renovated water from four wells at the Flushing Meadows Wastewater Renovation Project near Phoenix, Arizona, in operation since 1967, were assayed approximately every 2 months in 1974 for viruses and enteric bacteria during flooding periods. No viruses of Salmonella sp. were detected in any renovated well water samples, and the numbers of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and total bacteria were decreased by about 99.9% in the renovated well waters after the wastewater was filtered through about 9 m of soil.
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PMID:Virus and bacteria removal from wastewater by land treatment. 82 40

In the spring of 1975, an epornitic of avian cholera in Nebraska affected wild waterfowl, common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and a captive flock of guant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima). Measures taken to control the disease in the captive geese included flushing the water of their pen with fresh well water, parenteral (50mg oxytetracycline intramuscularly) and feed (tetracycline 500 g/ton) antibiotic treatment, and removing dead waterfowl and crows from the pen, and keeping wild waterfowl and crows out of the pen. Other measures taken to prevent a recurrence of the outbreak included monitoring the area with susceptible sentinel birds and culturing nasal swabs for Pasteurella multocida. Young Canada geese and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) raised in the area also were cultured before release to assure that carriers would not be released into the wild. Presently, ponds in the pen have been dried up so that the area is less attractive to wild waterfowl. Swine feeders and waterers that have been modified to discourage their use by crows are being used to feed and water the geese.
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PMID:Treatment of captive giant Canada geese affected by avian cholera. 91 45

High frequency cinematographic films were made of the mode of operation of common oto-surgical drilling instruments on bone and cartilage. Rose bits and surgical fraises of different sizes were used at 5,000-80,000 R.P.M. The evaluation of the slow motion pictures was performed on the running films and by review of single frames. In detail: The preparation of the drilling head on the bone without simultaneous flushing leads to a filling of the cutting channel and decreased cutting. Drop flushing only prevents the increasing soiling of the drilling head if the drop sequence is rapid and which must be markedly increased with increasing R.P.M. of the drilling instrument. Flushing with a stream of water, which definitely prevents soiling, is preferable. Both drop flushing as well as the water stream must continuously wet the drilling head, i.e. must be absolutely centric in every case. Safest is the automatic spray flusing which is mounted on the handpiece, but which has so far not been used in oto-surgery. During the preparation, the air space of the working area is always filled with drilling dust or haze. Cutting is always performed tangenitally. The cutting speed lies between 2,9 m/s to 16 m/s. It depends on the R.P.M. of the drilling instrument. A drill head running out of true, even with a gently percussing shaft, touches the bone only with a part of its cutting surface which strikes more vigorously than desired and easily gets soiled, despite flushing. Cutting is therefore less and uncontrolled. An increased feeding energy (pressure on the support) in order to speed up cutting leads to heavy wear of the drilling instrument and unsafety in handling due to jumping of the drilling head. During each contact of a cutter with the bone, coarse fraises with low R.P.M. (5,000 R.P.M. = 83 R/s) show a short stopping of the rotation which results in a jerk and vibration of the whole preparation and can thus lead to a damage of the inner ear.
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PMID:[High frequency cinematographic investigations of the mode of operation of common drilling instruments on bone and cartilage (author's transl)]. 98 29


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