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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ingestion of relatively large doses of the vitamin niacin by healthy volunteers results in a reddening of the skin, a skin 'flush'. Thus, we have carried out a study of the breath metabolites of two healthy volunteers following (i) the ingestion of 200 mg of immediate-release niacin, (ii) as (i) but preceded by the ingestion of 325 mg of aspirin that diminishes the skin 'flush', (iii) ingestion of 500 mg of slow-release niacin. On-line breath analysis was carried out using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. The interesting new observation is that the breath ammonia levels of both volunteers clearly increased following (i) and (ii), and an obvious skin flush did occur following (i) but not following (ii). The slow-release niacin (iii) did not result in a flush and the breath ammonia levels increased more slowly and did not reach the higher levels produced by (i) and (ii). The results of these experiments demonstrate that breath ammonia levels are dependent on the blood/plasma levels of niacin, but are not directly related to the flushing phenomenon, and that the observed increases in blood/breath ammonia levels are consistent with current knowledge of the metabolic pathways of niacin. The parallel measurements of breath isoprene are presented, which demonstrate the quality of breath analyses that can be achieved using SIFT-MS.
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PMID:The increase of breath ammonia induced by niacin ingestion quantified by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. 1660 96

Sludge liquor from the sludge dewatering process has a high ammonia content. In the present study, a lab-scale electrochemical (EC) system with a pair of Ti electrode plates was used for treating the sludge centrate liquor of digested wastewater sludge with a NH4(+) - N content of around 500 mg/L. The sludge liquor had a high salinity due to seawater being used for toilet flushing in Hong Kong. The results show that the EC process is highly effective for denitrification of the saline sludge liquor. Complete nitrogen removal could be achieved within 1 hr or so. The rate of EC denitrification increased with the current intensity applied. The best current efficiency for nitrogen removal was obtained for a gap distance between the electrodes at 8 mm. Electro-chlorination was considered to be the major mechanism of EC denitrification. The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) appeared to be minimal with the total trihalomethanes (THM) detected at a level of 300 microg/L or lower. The power consumption for EC denitrification was around 23 kWh/kg N. Additional electro-flocculation with a pair of iron needle electrodes could enhance the flocculation and subsequent sedimentation of colloidal organics in the sludge liquor, increasing the organic removal from less than 30% to more than 70%. Therefore, the EC process including both electro-denitrification and electro-flocculation can be developed as the most cost-effective method for treatment of the saline sludge liquor.
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PMID:Nitrogen removal from the saline sludge liquor by electrochemical denitrification. 1716 26

This study concerns effects on water-borne lead from combinations of chlorine (CL) or chloramines (CA) with fluosilicic acid (FSA) or sodium fluoride (NaF). CL is known to corrode brass, releasing lead from plumbing devices. It is known that CA and CL in different ratios with ammonia (NH) mobilize copper from brass, which we have found also enhances elution of lead from leaded brass alloys. Phase I involved leaded-brass 1/4 in. elbows pre-conditioned in DI water and soaked in static solutions containing various combinations of CL, CA, FSA, NaF, and ammonium fluosilicate. In Phase II 20 leaded-brass alloy water meters were installed in pipe loops. After pre-conditioning the meters with 200 flushings with 1.0 ppm CL water, seven different solutions were pumped for a period of 6 weeks. Water samples were taken for lead analysis three times per week after a 16-h stagnation period. In the static testing with brass elbows, exposure to the waters with CA+50% excess NH3+FSA, with CA and ammonium fluosilicate, and with CA+FSA resulted in the highest estimated lead concentrations. In the flow-through brass meter tests, waters with CL+FSA, with CL+NaF, and with CL alone produced the highest average lead concentration for the first 3-week period. Over the last 3 weeks the highest lead concentrations were produced by CL+NaF, followed by CL alone and CA+NH3+FSA. Over the first test week (after CL flushing concentrations were increased from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm) lead concentrations nearly doubled (from about 100 to nearly 200 ppb), but when FSA was also included, lead concentrations spiked to over 900 ppb. Lead concentrations from the CL-based waters appeared to be decreasing over the study period, while for the CA+NH3+FSA combination, lead concentrations seemed to be increasing with time.
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PMID:Effects of fluoridation and disinfection agent combinations on lead leaching from leaded-brass parts. 1769 14

This paper describes a semi-empirical approach to modeling the soil flushing technology. A new mathematical model aimed at predicting the course of the continuous soil flushing process by use of the input data obtained from simple batch laboratory experiments is described in the theoretical part. An objective of the study is to apply this new model to soil polluted by zinc and copper (11949 mg kg(-1) and 1895 mg kg(-1), respectively) by flushing the soil with an ammonia nitrogen solution. A set of batch experiments provided both equilibrium and kinetic data characterizing the leaching ability of both metals. By use of the model, the optimal ammonia concentration in the flushing solution was estimated (0.6 mol L(-1)). For this concentration, validity of the model results was verified by a column experiment. The removal efficiency obtained was 44% (zinc) and 54% (copper). The model correctly predicted the period of time needed for the removal of weakly bound metal fractions as well as the estimate of the overall removal efficiency of metals from the soil during the flushing process. It has also proven that it is possible to use the column experiment for model calibration through the modification of the input data. Agreement of the model and experimental results can be further improved this way.
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PMID:Semi-empirical approach to modeling of soil flushing: model development, application to soil polluted by zinc and copper. 1819 Nov 81

This paper evaluated the performance and suitability of a resources and nutrients oriented decentralized greywater treatment system which uses a submerged spiral wound module. This greywater treatment system is aimed at treating and recovering the resources present in the wastewater. The study revealed that the UF membrane filtration system was able to maintain a permeate flux between 6 and 10 L/m2/h. TOC can be reduced from the influent value of 161 to 28.6 mg/L in the permeate, meaning an average elimination rate of 83.4%. In addition, soluble nutrients such as ammonia and phosphorus can pass through the UF membrane and remain in the permeate. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the permeate were 16.7 and 6.7 mg/L respectively. The permeate was low in turbidity (below 1 NTU) and free of suspended solids and E. coli and had an excellent physical appearance. The permeate can be used in gardening and agriculture for irrigation and soil fertilization or alternatively for toilet flushing after disinfection. The retentate generated in this system can be treated with blackwater and kitchen waste in an anaerobic digester at a later stage for producing biogas or compost.
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PMID:Resources and nutrients oriented greywater treatment for non-potable reuses. 1858 76

Two flow injection procedures have been investigated for the determination of some elements in silver electrolysis solutions, for which the problem of the formation of silver acetylide needs to be addressed. A single line manifold was found to give acceptable results for limited time periods, but for prolonged operation it was necessary to remove the silver. This was achieved with a recirculating reactor in which the silver was precipitated as the chloride and retained on a filter of nylon fibers. Good recoveries of copper, iron, nickel and zinc from solutions containing up to 100 g/l. silver were obtained with over 95% of the silver retained on the filter. The filter was regenerated rapidly by flushing with ammonia solution.
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PMID:Closed-loop recirculating manifold for matrix isolation in flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Analysis of silver electrolysis solutions. 1896 64

Contamination of a model drinking water system with surrogate radioisotopes was examined with respect to persistence on and decontamination of infrastructure surfaces. Cesium and cobalt chloride salts were used as surrogates for cesium-137 and cobalt-60. Studies were conducted in biofilm annular reactors containing heavily corroded iron surfaces formed under shear and constantly submerged in drinking water. Cesium was not detected on the corroded iron surface after equilibration with 10 and 100mgL(-1) solutions of cesium chloride, but cobalt was detected on corroded iron coupons at both initial concentrations. The amount of adhered cobalt decreased over the next six weeks, but was still present when monitoring stopped. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) showed that adhered cobalt was in the III oxidation state. The adsorbed cobalt was strongly resistant to decontamination by various physicochemical methods. Simulated flushing, use of free chlorine and dilute ammonia were found to be ineffective whereas use of aggressive methods like 14.5M ammonia and 0.36M sulfuric acid removed 37 and 92% of the sorbed cobalt, respectively.
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PMID:Persistence and decontamination of surrogate radioisotopes in a model drinking water distribution system. 1972 69

To clarify the major factor caused by oxygen-enhancing charge production of Shewanella decolorationis NTOU1 towards a polarized anode, a series of experimental runs (i.e., with/without ambient air flushing and with/without ammonia addition as nitrogen source) were conducted in this study. Within 6-day of operation at +0.4 V vs. Ag|AgCl and starting with 35 mM of lactate, consistently the electrical charge production under the aerobic condition was higher than that under the anaerobic condition. In all the experimental runs, the values of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) production were found to be correlated positively and significantly with the charge production, but the highest Coulombic efficiency of 18% was observed under the anaerobic conditions without ammonia addition while the lowest charge production occurred. Those results indicate that NADH production enhanced by oxygen is the leading cause of the increase of the charge production, but the biomass production and the oxygen reduction would both consume NADH electrons and lead to lower electron recoveries. In addition, whether under constant aerobic or anaerobic, or alternating aerobic/anaerobic conditions, chronoamperometric results made it possible to rule out other factors, like lactate uptake rate or cell growth, which might increase the charge production under aerobic conditions. By using high performance liquid chromatography, some diffusive flavins (e.g., 0.5 microM of riboflavin) were found under the aerobic condition, but were not found under the anaerobic one. However, from results of cyclic voltammetry (CV), the signals of flavins were found to be approximately the same under both conditions. Although it is inferred that oxygen renders the flavins secreted extracellularly, that is not the major effect of oxygen for boosting the charge production. Furthermore, bound flavins under anaerobic condition were found to be effectively electrocatalytic according to sigmoidal CV result.
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PMID:Effects of oxygen on Shewanella decolorationis NTOU1 electron transfer to carbon-felt electrodes. 2049 69

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are potential long-term sources of emissions. Hence, they need to be managed after closure until they do not pose a threat to humans or the environment. The case study on the Breitenau MSW landfill was performed to evaluate future emission levels for this site and to illustrate the effect of final cover installation with respect to long-term environmental risks. The methodology was based on a comprehensive assessment of the state of the landfill and included analysis of monitoring data, investigations of landfilled waste, and an evaluation of containment systems. A model to estimate future emission levels was established and site-specific predictions of leachate emissions were presented based on scenario analysis. The results are used to evaluate the future pollution potential of the landfill and to compare different aftercare concepts in view of long-term emissions. As some leachable substances became available for water flow during cover construction due to a change in the water flow pattern of the waste, a substantial increase in leachate concentrations could be observed at the site (e.g. concentrations of chloride increased from 200 to 800 mg/l and of ammonia-nitrogen from 140 to about 500 mg/l). A period of intensive flushing before the final cover installation could have reduced the amount of leachable substances within the landfill body and rapidly decreased the leachate concentrations to 11 mg Cl/l and 79 mg NH(4)-N/l within 50 years. Contrarily, the minimization of water infiltration is associated with leachate concentrations in a high range for centuries (above 400 mg Cl/l and 200 mg NH(4)-N/l) with low concomitant annual emission loads (below 12 kg/year of Cl or 9 kg/year of NH(4)-N, respectively). However, an expected gradual decrease of barrier efficiency over time would be associated with higher emission loads of 50 kg of chloride and 30 kg of ammonia-nitrogen at the maximum, but a faster decrease of leachate concentration levels.
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PMID:Future landfill emissions and the effect of final cover installation--a case study. 2142 Dec 99

Influences of marine cage culture and monsoonal disturbances, northeasterly (NE) and southwesterly (SW) monsoons on the proximal marine environment were investigated across a gradient of sites in a semi-enclosed bay, Magong Bay (Penghu Islands, Taiwan). Elevated levels of ammonia produced by the cages were the main pollutant and distinguished the cage-culture and intermediary zones (1000 m away from the cages) from the reference zone in the NE monsoon, indicating currents produced by the strong monsoon may have extended the spread of nutrient-enriched waters without necessarily flushing such effluents outside Magong Bay. Moreover, the levels of chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity were distinguishable between two seasons, suggesting that resuspension caused by the NE monsoon winds may also influence the water quality across this bay. It indicated that the impacts of marine cage culture vary as a function of distance, and also in response to seasonal movements of water driven by local climatic occurrences.
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PMID:Influence of strong monsoon winds on the water quality around a marine cage-culture zone in a shallow and semi-enclosed bay in Taiwan. 2230 13


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