Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of ciliated protozoa on ruminal fermentation in cattle fed high-grain diets. Six ruminally cannulated steers fed a corn-based grain diet (85% concentrate plus 15% alfalfa hay) at 12-h intervals were assigned randomly to two groups, ciliate free and faunated, in a crossover design. Defaunation was by ruminal emptying, omasal flushing, and treatment with sodium sulfosuccinate. Two to 3 weeks after defaunation, the ruminal contents of all steers were sampled before the morning feeding (0 h) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after feeding to measure pH, analyze fermentation products, and monitor counts of ciliated protozoa and lactic acid-producing and -fermenting bacterial groups. Total numbers of ciliated protozoa in the faunated steers averaged 4.3 x 10(5)/g, and the protozoa consisted of nine genera. Ciliate-free steers had lower (P less than 0.01) ruminal pHs (pH 5.97) than faunated cattle (pH 6.45); however, the treatment-time interaction was not significant. Ruminal lactate and ammonia concentrations were similar in both groups. The total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher (P less than 0.05) in the ciliate-free steers than in the faunated steers and exhibited a treatment-time interaction (P less than 0.05). The acetate-to-propionate ratio was higher (P less than 0.05) in the faunated group than in the ciliate-free group and showed a treatment-time interaction (P less than 0.05). Total anaerobic bacterial counts were about fourfold higher in the ciliate-free group than in the faunated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Moderation of ruminal fermentation by ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet. 151 89

Ammonia removal from a recirculating dialysate stream is a major challenge in developing a truly portable, regenerable hemodialysis system. Three zeolites, type F, type W, and clinoptilolite, were found to have good ammonia ion exchange capacity with linear equilibrium ion exchange coefficients of 0.908, 0.488, and 0.075 L/g, respectively. The linear equilibrium ion exchange coefficient relates dialysate ammonia concentration (mumol/L) to the amount of ammonia absorbed by zeolite (mumol/g) at equilibrium. Ammonia uptake by zeolite powders was fast, with equilibrium reached within 15 sec. Zeolite ammonia ion exchange and regeneration through multiple cycles was studied using an ion exchange column containing clinoptilolite pellets. Zeolite ion exchange capability was regenerated by flushing the column with 2 mol/L sodium chloride after an ion exchange run. The column maintained ammonia ion exchange capacity through six ion exchange/regeneration cycles, demonstrating multiple dialysis use possibilities. Atomic absorption spectroscopy of the column effluent showed no detectible (< 1 part per million) Si or Al leached from the zeolite.
 ...
PMID:Zeolitic ammonium ion exchange for portable hemodialysis dialysate regeneration. 858 74

From 2 to 4.5 months of age, 80 crossbred gilts were reared in a conventional grower unit where they were naturally exposed to mycoplasmal and bacterial pathogens that cause pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis. At 4.5 months of age, gilts were moved to environmentally regulated rooms (4.9 x 7.3 m) and assigned at random to 1 of 2 treatment groups: low aerial concentration of ammonia (4 to 12 ppm; mean, 7 ppm) or moderate aerial concentration of ammonia (26 to 45 ppm, mean, 35 ppm). Low concentration of ammonia was obtained by flushing of manure pits weekly, whereas moderate concentration of ammonia was maintained by adding anhydrous ammonia to manure pits that were not flushed. Gilts were weighed biweekly. Mean daily gain (MDG) was less (P < 0.01) for gilts exposed to moderate concentration of ammonia than for gilts exposed to low concentration of ammonia after 2 weeks in their respective environments. By 4 and 6 weeks, however, MDG was similar between the 2 treatment groups. After 6 weeks in these environments, 20 gilts from each treatment group were slaughtered, and prevalence and severity of lung lesions and snout grades were determined. At slaughter, body weight was greater (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to low, rather than moderate, ammonia concentration (94.5 vs 86.8 kg; SEM, 3.3 kg). Percentage of lung tissue containing lesions (18 vs 12) and snout grade (2.8 vs 3.1) were similar between gilts exposed to low or moderate concentration of ammonia. The remaining 20 gilts in each treatment group were maintained in their respective environments, exposed daily to mature boars and bred at first estrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Growth and reproductive performance, during exposure to ammonia, of gilts afflicted with pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis. 811 50

Lung lining fluid antioxidants represent a potentially important protective barrier of lung epithelial cells to damaging effects of air pollutants, yet no information is apparently available concerning lung lining fluid antioxidants in broilers. Therefore, goals of this study were to establish uric acid, ascorbic acid, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and protein concentrations in lung lining fluid obtained from male broiler chickens maintained for 6 to 7 wk within environmentally controlled rooms (Control) or chronically exposed to high levels of dust and ammonia within a broiler rearing house (House). The entire respiratory tract was carefully removed following an overdose of anesthetic and lavage fluid was collected after flushing the lungs with heparin-saline (10 mL per lung). There was no difference in GSH, but GSSG, uric acid, and protein concentrations were higher in House birds than in Controls. An increase in the GSSG to total glutathione (GSx) ratio, an indicator of oxidative stress, was also observed in birds maintained in the House environment. Ascorbic acid was not detected in House-reared birds and detected in only 4 of 12 Controls. Regression analysis revealed positive correlations between lung lining fluid protein and uric acid (r = 0.71; P < 0.01), protein and GSSG (r = 0.73; P < 0.01), and uric acid and GSSG concentrations (r = 0.69, P < 0.01). Additionally, GSSG was positively correlated (r = 0.66; P < 0.01) with the right ventricular weight ratio, an index commonly used in identifying the development of pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers. These data, the first to document lung lining fluid antioxidants in avian species, indicate an oxidative stress can be detected in fluid of broilers exposed to high levels of dust and ammonia in a simulated poultry house environment.
 ...
PMID:Antioxidant defenses in lung lining fluid of broilers: impact of poor ventilation conditions. 956 32

1. The effect of washing out the caecal contents on nitrogen utilisation and nitrogen excretion were examined in Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels fed on a 50 g/kg protein diet supplemented with urea. 2. Flushing out the caecal contents with saline in caecally ligated chickens produced a significantly increased nitrogen balance and increased nitrogen utilisation (P<0.05). 3. Washing out the caecal contents significantly decreased uric acid excretion but the treatment had no effect on urea and ammonia excretion. 4. Caecal bacterial contents were significantly decreased by caecal ligation and decreased further by washing out the caecal contents. 5. It is concluded that nitrogen metabolism in chickens is affected by possible changes in caecal fermentation produced by preventing substances from urine and digesta from entering the caeca.
 ...
PMID:Effect of removal of caecal contents on nitrogen utilisation and nitrogen excretion in caecally ligated chickens fed on a low protein diet supplemented with urea. 1082 25

The process performance of the two largest activated sludge processes in Hong Kong, the Sha Tin and the Tai Po Sewage Treatment Works (STW), deteriorated in the initial period after the introduction of seawater flushing in 1995 and 1996, respectively. High effluent ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total suspended solids (TSS) in excess of the discharge standards resulted from incomplete nitrification and changes in floc characteristics. A desktop study on the inhibitory effects of salinity, particularly on nitrification, was subsequently conducted using the Tai Po STW operating data. To assist the upgrade of the Sha Tin STW a five-month extensive bench-scale investigation on a simple but flexible modified Ludzack-Ettinger configuration with bio-selector was conducted to quantify the inhibitory effects due to the saline concentration. The Sha Tin STW upgrade consists of restoration of its original design capacity (conventional process) of 205,000 m3/day from its currently much reduced capacity as a Bardenpho process. Only the volume of the existing biological process and clarifier is to be utilized. The saline concentration ranges from 3,500 up to 6,500 mg Cl-/L, both daily and seasonally. High and greatly fluctuating saline concentrations have been known to inhibit nitrification. Design consideration should also be given to the peak daily and seasonal TKN loading of up to three times the average. Although the nitrifiers maximum specific growth rate was significantly reduced to a low 0.25 day(-1), the inhibition was considered to be tolerable with effluent NH4-N and NO3-N consistently at < 1 and < 6 mg/L. The bio-selector was demonstrated to be efficient in control of sludge foaming and bulking with SVI consistently < or = 125 mL/g. Results from the IAWO Model No. 1 and the hydraulic model of the secondary clarifiers allowed overall process capacity maximization. With an anoxic mass fraction of 25-30%, operating sludge age of 9-14 days and SVI < or = 125 mL/g, both the design requirements and the effluent discharge standards could be met. Without these investigations, an unnecessarily large reaction basin and secondary clarifier volume, and hence capital investment, would have resulted.
 ...
PMID:The impact of sea water flushing on biological nitrification-denitrification activated sludge sewage treatment process. 1252 56

This study explores the effects of manure policy options for agricultural land in The Netherlands on nitrate leaching to groundwater, ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere and on eutrophication of surface waters. The implementation of the farm gate balance MINAS at farm level, with levy-free N surpluses in the range of 300 to 40 kg per ha per year, and levy-free P surpluses in the range of 17.5 to 0.4 kg of P per ha per year, have been examined. Results indicate that nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater are related to N surplus, land use, soil type and groundwater level. On dry sandy soils, the N surplus has to be below 60 to 140 kg of N per ha per year, depending on land use, to decrease the nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater to below 50 mg nitrate per litre. Decreases of N and P concentrations in surface waters, upon lowering levy-free surpluses appear relatively small. For improving the ecological state of surface waters, we recommend a combination of low levy-free N and P surpluses with dredging P rich sediments, flushing of ditches, and decreasing discharges from other sources.
 ...
PMID:Environmental effects of manure policy options in The Netherlands. 1505 4

A comprehensive review is given of past and current annually averaged nutrient concentrations (total oxidised nitrogen [TON], phosphate and silicate) in the River Ythan and its estuary. TON concentrations in the River Ythan have increased from ca 100-150 microm in the late 1960s to ca 500-550 microm in the early 1990s, changes which are also shown in the estuary. The interpretation of the phosphate data is more complex but concentrations in the estuary also appear to have increased. Silicate concentrations have remained constant with time. The results of 11 surveys of the estuary completed during 1993 are given. TON and silicate behave conservatively in the estuary, with concentrations determined by those of the fresh water end-member and hence by processes within the catchment. Phosphate and ammonia concentrations at low salinity are affected by the discharge from the Ellon sewage treatment facility at the head of the estuary. Throughout the estuary there is evidence of an input of ammonia to the water column from the sediments, but it represents only ca 0.2-2% of the nitrogen entering from the River Ythan. Despite the increased nutrient loading to the estuary there is no evidence that this has resulted in higher chlorophyll concentrations in the water column, this observation is attributed to the relatively short flushing period of the estuary.
 ...
PMID:Long-term nutrient enrichment of an estuarine system: Ythan, Scotland (1958-1993). 1509 64

Runoff quality draining from 17.14 km2 urban catchment in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, was analysed. The land-use consists of residential (30.3%), agricultural (27.3%), open space (27.9%), industrial (8.1%) and commercial (6.4%) areas. Three storm events were sampled in detail. These storms produced stormflow between 0.84 mm and 27.82 mm, and peakflow from 2.19 m3/s to 42.36 m3/s. Water quality showed marked variation during storms especially for TSS, BOD and COD with maximum concentrations of 778 mg/l, 135 mg/l and 358 mg/l, respectively. Concentrations of TOC, DOC, NH3-N, Fe and level of colour were also high. In general, the river quality is badly polluted and falls in Class V based on the Malaysian Interim National Water Quality Standards. Event Mean Concentrations (EMC) for various parameters varied considerably between storms. The largest storm produced higher EMC for TSS, NO3-N and SS whereas the smaller storms tend to register higher EMC for BOD, COD, NH3-N, TOC, Ca, K, Mg, Fe and Zn. Such variations could be explained in terms of pollutant availability and the effects of flushing and dilution. Based on a three-month average recurrence interval (ARI) of rainfall, the estimated event loadings (ton/ha) of TSS, BOD, COD, TOC, NH3-N and NO3-N were 0.055, 0.016, 0.012, 0.039, 0.010, 0.0007 and 0.0002, respectively. Heavy metals present in trace quantities. Storms with 3 months ARI could capture about 70% of the total annual loads of major pollutants.
 ...
PMID:Runoff quality and pollution loadings from a tropical urban catchment. 1644 81

In order to investigate the feasibility of biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater produced from toilet flushing with seawater at low temperature, pilot-scale studies were established with plug-flow activated sludge process at low temperature (5-9 degrees C) based on bench-scale experiments. The critical salinity concentration of 30 g/L, which resulted from the cooperation results of the non-halophilic bacteria and the halophilic bacteria, was drawn in bench-scale experiments. Pilot-scale studies showed that high COD removal efficiency, higher than 80%, was obtained at low temperature when 30 percent seawater was introduced. The salinity improved the settleability of activated sludge, and average sludge value dropped down from 38% to 22.5% after adding seawater. Seawater salinity had a strong negative effect on notronomonas and nitrobacter growth, but much more on the nitrobacter. The nitrification action was mainly accomplished by nitrosomonas. Bench-scale experiments using two SBRs were carried out for further investigation under different conditions of salinities, ammonia loadings and temperatures. Biological nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway from wastewater containing 30 percent seawater was achieved, but the ammonia removal efficiency was strongly related not only to the influent ammonia loading at different salinities but also to temperature. When the ratio of seawater to wastewater was 30 percent, and the ammonia loading was below the critical value of 0.15 kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS.d), the ammonia removal efficiency via nitrite pathway was above 90%. The critical level of ammonia loading was 0.15, 0.08 and 0.03 kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS.d) respectively at the different temperature 30 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 20 degrees C when the influent ammonia concentration was 60-80 mg/L and pH was 7.5-8.0.
 ...
PMID:Pilot-scale studies on biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater at low temperature. 1645 84


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>