Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcium channel blockade has been shown to prevent warm renal ischemic damage. The ability of verapamil to decrease the severity of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) after 24-hr cold storage and autotransplantation was studied in a randomized paired study of 12 dogs. Experimental animals pretreated with intraarterial verapamil and flushing of the harvested kidney with cold intracellular solution containing verapamil demonstrated significantly (P less than .05) greater renal function preservation over their matched controls. A subsequent nonpaired study of 6 dogs treated only with flushing of the harvested kidney with perfusate containing verapamil demonstrated no significant preservation advantage over controls. We conclude that verapamil, administered prior to the ischemic event, can enhance the protective effect of hypothermia and decrease the severity of ATN in ischemically injured kidneys.
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PMID:The effect of verapamil in reducing the severity of acute tubular necrosis in canine renal autotransplants. 330 60

Increasing recognition of the importance of calcium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has stimulated research into the use of calcium channel blocking agents for treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The favorable efficacy and tolerability profiles of these agents make them attractive therapeutic modalities. Clinical applications of calcium channel blockers parallel their tissue selectivity. In contrast to verapamil and diltiazem, which are roughly equipotent in their actions on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are a group of potent peripheral vasodilator agents that exert minimal electrophysiologic effects on cardiac nodal or conduction tissue. As the first dihydropyridine available for use in the United States, nifedipine controls angina and hypertension with minimal depression of cardiac function. Additional members of this group of calcium channel blockers have been studied for a variety of indications for which they may offer advantages over current therapy. Once or twice daily dosage possible with nitrendipine and nisoldipine offers a convenient administration schedule, which encourages patient compliance in long-term therapy of hypertension. The coronary vasodilating properties of nisoldipine have led to the investigation of this agent for use in angina. Selectivity for the cerebrovascular bed makes nimodipine potentially useful in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, migraine headache, dementia, and stroke. In general, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are usually well tolerated, with headache, facial flushing, palpitations, edema, nausea, anorexia, and dizziness being the more common adverse effects.
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PMID:Differential effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: therapeutic implications. 332 59

The effects of the deoxygenation rate on the formation of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) were investigated by using metabolically replete sickle cells (SS cells). We found that the formation of ISCs required Ca2+ and that the amount formed depended on the rate of deoxygenation. When less dense SS discocytes were deoxygenated slowly by flushing with 95% N2 and 5% CO2 at a rate of 3 mL/min, the percentage of ISCs increased from 5% to 26.5% after 24 hours. In contrast, upon rapid deoxygenation (10, 35 mL/min) ISC formation was reduced significantly. The difference may be related to fact that more sickle-shaped cells were formed upon slow deoxygenation than upon the rapid deoxygenation that resulted in the formation of star-shaped and granulated cells. So-called ISCs were formed more easily from sickle-shaped cells. To express the shape of sickled cells numerically, we calculated the mean maximum cell length (MCL) after cells were incubated under various deoxygenation conditions. The MCL of slowly deoxygenated SS cells after 24 hours of incubation was about twice (20.0 +/- 7.0 micron) that of quickly deoxygenated (35 mL/min) SS cells (12.5 +/- 5.0 microns) (initial MCL, 8.0 +/- 1.0 micron). The decrease in potassium content was greater with slow deoxygenation than with rapid deoxygenation. Because the increase in sodium influx was less than that of potassium efflux under slow deoxygenation, SS cells became more dense than those rapidly deoxygenated. In the absence of Ca2+, morphological changes were the same as in the presence of Ca2+; however, under this condition there was no change in density, and no ISCs were formed regardless of the rate of deoxygenation. These results demonstrate that the number of ISCs formed correlates with the MCL. The length of fibers of sickle hemoglobin may be a determinant of the length of sickled cells. This suggests that membrane stretching plays an important role in cell density and irreversible membrane deformation.
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PMID:The effect of deoxygenation rate on the formation of irreversibly sickled cells. 333

The combination of nifedipine and atenolol must be evaluated in terms of risks and benefits to the hypertensive patient. Disadvantages with single-agent therapy justify trials of combination regimens. beta-Blockers may be unacceptable to some patients because of gastrointestinal upset, musculoskeletal symptoms, tiredness, malaise, insomnia, depression or confusion, sweating, breathlessness or cold extremities. The side effect profile varies from patient to patient and between different beta-blockers. Calcium antagonists also have characteristic side effects, including severe headaches, flushing and oedema, tachycardia and possibly worrying palpitations, and polyuria. Combining a calcium antagonist and a beta-blocker can reduce some side effects; for example, tachycardia is offset by addition of beta-blocker to calcium antagonist therapy, and beta-blocker-induced cold extremities may be reversed with a drug such as nifedipine. Moreover, the antihypertensive efficacy is increased, which is useful in previously resistant patients. However, an excessive fall in blood pressure is a possible adverse effect of the combination. There is also the possibility of precipitating heart failure in patients with cardiomegaly and severely compromised left ventricular function. The combination of nifedipine and atenolol was evaluated in 25 patients in a randomised, crossover trial following a month's treatment with atenolol 50mg twice daily. Patients received either atenolol 50mg twice daily alone, or atenolol 50mg twice daily with sustained release nifedipine 20mg or 40mg twice daily, or placebo twice daily during three 4-week treatment periods. Additional antihypertensive benefit was obtained by addition of the low dose of nifedipine compared with atenolol alone, but no further advantage was obtained with the higher nifedipine dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Aims of combination therapy--improved quality of life or better blood pressure control? 337 14

The calcium antagonist verapamil was infused intravenously in 10 patients with severe postpartum gestational proteinuric hypertension. A rapid and significant fall in systolic (P less than 0.01) and diastolic (P less than 0.02) blood pressure was seen within 5 minutes and was maintained for the duration of the infusion. No significant pulse rate changes were seen during the period of maximal blood pressure decrease. The principal side-effects were cutaneous flushing and headache. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded study on the use of verapamil in postpartum gestational proteinuric hypertension and the apparent efficacy of this drug justifies further investigation.
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PMID:Verapamil in the treatment of severe postpartum hypertension. 342 Apr 65

In a crossover design experiment, we investigated the elimination kinetics of ethanol and acetaldehyde during the calcium carbimide (CC)-alcohol flush reaction. Ten healthy men swallowed a tablet of calcium carbimide (50 mg) or placebo and about 2 hours later drank 0.25 g/kg ethanol within 5 min. The pulmonary blood concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde were estimated indirectly by analysis of end-expired alveolar air. The onset of facial flushing and associated cardiovascular response coincided with the peak concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood. The speed of absorption of alcohol was faster in subjects treated with CC. A smaller volume of distribution of ethanol was evident after pretreatment with CC; 0.636 L/kg compared with 0.675 L/kg after placebo. The rate of elimination of ethanol from blood was about 5% slower in subjects given the CC tablet. The disposition kinetics of acetaldehyde were markedly different when aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was inhibited. The maximum blood-levels of acetaldehyde ranged from 40-242 microM compared with 1.7-6.5 microM in the placebo control experiments. The elimination half-life of acetaldehyde after CC treatment ranged from 18-31 min. Our results do not support a significant role of acetaldehyde in regulating in-vivo metabolism of ethanol in humans.
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PMID:Elimination kinetics of ethanol and acetaldehyde in healthy men during the calcium carbimide-alcohol flush reaction. 342 82

The effect of diphenhydramine on the cyanamide-ethanol reaction was evaluated in a double-blind, controlled clinical study. Seven healthy subjects ingested 50 mg calcium carbimide at 4 hours and 100 mg diphenhydramine or placebo at 2 hours before a 0.2 gm/kg iv infusion of ethanol. Blood acetaldehyde and blood ethanol analyses were performed together with recordings of blood pressure, pulse rate, and flushing intensity during the hour after ethanol infusion. Diphenhydramine increased the mean ethanol AUC but did not influence blood acetaldehyde levels. Antihistamine reduced the flushing response by 40% and decreased the pulse rate from 40 minutes onward after ethanol infusion subsequent to calcium carbamide dosing. Blood pressure was not significantly influenced by ethanol at the calcium carbimide dose we used.
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PMID:Diphenhydramine and the calcium carbimide-ethanol reaction: a placebo-controlled clinical study. 351 10

Excessive accumulation of intracellular calcium in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) may be a necessary step in the process that causes muscle damage in this disease. Because of this possibility, a controlled trial of the calcium channel blocking agent nifedipine was undertaken. One hundred and five patients were randomized and treated in a double-blind manner for 18 months. Muscle strength, contractures, functional ability, cardiopulmonary changes, and laboratory data were monitored. The dose of nifedipine was 0.75-1 mg/kg/day in the first 6 months and 1.5-2 mg/kg/day for the next 12 months. Satisfactory blood levels of nifedipine were attained. The study had a power greater than 0.99 to detect a slowing of the illness to 25% of its original rate of progression. No significant improvement was demonstrated in the treated group. One or more of the frequent mild side effects of flushing, dizziness, and leg edema, often associated with the use of nifedipine in adults, occurred transiently in approximately one-half of the patients in the nifedipine group and in 21% of the placebo group. Four patients died, two on nifedipine and two on placebo. This study demonstrates that nifedipine is safe to administer in children, but that it is without beneficial effect on the course of DMD.
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PMID:Clinical investigation in Duchenne dystrophy. VI. Double-blind controlled trial of nifedipine. 355 Apr 55

Nitrendipine is a calcium entry blocker shown to inhibit the movement of calcium through the 'slow channel' of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, thus inducing peripheral vasodilation with consequent reductions in elevated blood pressure. As evidenced by clinical trials, nitrendipine promptly lowers blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension, and sustains this effect during long term administration. Combining nitrendipine with other antihypertensive agents such as diuretics or beta-blockers often results in successful treatment in patients unresponsive to nitrendipine monotherapy. Headache, oedema, flushing and palpitations commonly occurring during treatment with nitrendipine are generally mild, usually subsiding with continued therapy. Thus, although additional long term studies are required to properly assess the relative merits of the drug compared with other antihypertensives, by providing the clinician with an effective and safe alternative to traditional therapies, nitrendipine represents a step forward in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.
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PMID:Nitrendipine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hypertension. 355 92

Routine embryo transfer techniques were used to establish recipient groups in which blastocysts were either asynchronous (blastocysts 24 h behind recipient uterus) or synchronous with their uterine environment. Oestradiol valerate (5 mg) was administered on Day 11 of the recipient's cycle to stimulate release of uterine secretion in the synchronous gilts (Group SE) and one group (AE) of asynchronous gilts. The gilts in the other asynchronous group (Group AC) were injected with vehicle (sesame oil). Embryos recovered on Day 14 by hysterectomy and flushing were evaluated for morphological development. Oestradiol treatment resulted in a failure of blastocyst development in Group AE gilts only. Recoverable oestradiol in the uterine flushings was increased in gilts in Groups AC and SE which contained elongated blastocysts. Plasmin inhibitor levels were lower in Groups AC and SE while PGF tended to be increased. Acid phosphatase activity was higher and recoverable Ca2+ was lower in Groups AE and SE. Failure of blastocyst development in Group AE is believed to have resulted from a failure to undergo trophoblastic elongation due to premature alteration of the uterine environment at a critical period of blastocyst development or from the presence of an unfavourable uterine environment for blastocyst attachment and development shortly after Day 12.
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PMID:Development of pig blastocysts in a uterine environment advanced by exogenous oestrogen. 359 49


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