Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Experiment 1, hens laying hard-shell (HS) eggs were sacrificed at each of eight stages of egg formation including oviposition (0 h) and 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after oviposition. In Experiment 2, hens laying either shell-less (SL) or HS eggs were sacrificed at four stages of egg formation (oviposition, 4, 8, and 20 h after oviposition). The isthmus and uterus were flushed with 6 and 10 mL of cold .85% NaCl, respectively, and electrolyte contents were determined. Total flushing contents of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were higher (P less than or equal to .01) in uterine than in isthmic flushings (Experiment 1). In every case, an interaction (P less than or equal to .01) between time of collection and organ (isthmus and uterus) was found, indicating that patterns of change in flushing content of each electrolyte differed in the two organs over time in birds laying HS eggs. In Experiment 2, total recoverable calcium, magnesium, potassium, and total protein were higher in uterine than isthmic flushings (P less than .01). Interactions between time of collection (0, 4, 8, and 20 h) and treatment group (SL or HS) were observed for all electrolytes measured in uterine flushings. Results suggest that calcium, required for shell calcification, does not appear in the isthmic or uterine lumen or both at an appropriate time in SL hens. Thus, production of SL eggs may be related to mechanisms regulating patterns of change or ratios of electrolytes (calcium, magnesium, potassium) or both in the isthmus or uterus of the laying hen.
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PMID:Characterization of electrolytes and protein content in isthmic and uterine flushings from hens laying shell-less versus hard-shell eggs. 270 99

The antihypertensive efficacy and effects on body fluid composition of monotherapy with the calcium antagonist nifedipine were investigated in 15 patients with essential hypertension. The systolic as well as the diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly, by approximately 12%, during nifedipine treatment with a mean dose of 56 mg. Glomerular filtration rate, plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, and the ratio plasma to interstitial fluid volume did not change significantly. The most frequently observed side-effects were flushing and peripheral oedema which occurred in four and three patients, respectively. These results indicate that sodium and water retention, which is often observed during long-term treatment with vasodilators, does not seem to be the explanation of the development of peripheral oedema seen with nifedipine.
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PMID:Effect of long-term nifedipine treatment on body fluid composition in essential hypertension. 276 76

We studied 30 ambulatory patients with mild to moderate essential arterial hypertension, treated with the new calcium antagonist nitrendipine, during a follow-up period of six months and after a three week placebo period was completed. Nitrendipine initial dosage was 20 mg, given once daily in the morning. Normalization of blood pressure was achieved in every patient after three months of treatment, with a p less than 0.0001 since the first month and throughout the whole period. No concomitant changes in heart rate or vascular risk factors were observed. Eight patients needed their individual dosages to be doubled (40 mg) to achieve a complete normalization of their blood pressure values; four of them took the whole dosage once daily. We had to stop treatment in three patients because of significant worsening of previous symptoms. Although there was a 16.6% total incidence of secondary effects, the compliance was over 90%, which tells us about the relatively small importance of secondary effects observed. Flushing, which was present in five patients, was the most common secondary effect. Nitrendipine is an excellent antihypertensive drug, easy to use and responsible for a low number of disabling secondary effects, usually appearing in previously very symptomatic patients.
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PMID:[Effect of nitrendipine in the treatment of mild or moderate essential arterial hypertension]. 278 Nov 12

Acute cardiovascular and renal effects of 25 micrograms IV human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP) have been studied in four normotensive and untreated subjects, in the absence and the presence of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis-blocking agent. Intravenous infusion of hCGRP, alone, caused a transient but significant increase in heart rate (HR), hypotension, and facial flushing. Along with these effects, a positive inotropic action of hCGRP was documented by a noninvasive poligraphy. Furthermore, a significant increase in the catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), in the cyclic nucleotide (cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP) plasma levels, and a small decrease in total calcium with no change in inorganic phosphorus serum levels, occurred. Also acute renal hCGRP induced effects were observed, as a significant increase in urinary volume and in the urinary calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride excretion. Indomethacin did not affect all the cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal hCGRP-induced effects. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that hCGRP acts on the heart, vessels, and kidney, directly or indirectly, by the mediation of other vasodilating agents or systems excluding the prostaglandin system.
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PMID:Acute cardiovascular and renal effects of human calcitonin gene-related peptide. 278 56

A review of published studies was undertaken to assess the efficacy and patient tolerability of calcium antagonists compared with established antihypertensive therapy, i.e. beta-blockers and diuretics. Randomized controlled trials undertaken in Caucasian patients with mild to moderate hypertension were evaluated. Only 12 trials fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the review and they differed considerably with regard to design, method of analysis, and drug and dose regimen used; a formal pooled analysis of the data was not feasible. Few trials demonstrated significant differences in blood pressure control between treatments. Side effects were rarely seen, or were not assessed, and the number of patients studied was relatively small. Two large unpublished trials have recently evaluated the slow-release twice-daily formulation of 20 mg nifedipine, 50 mg atenolol and the fixed combination of 50 mg atenolol + 20 mg nifedipine, using a randomized double-blind crossover design. Mean blood pressure with atenolol was consistently lower than with nifedipine although this achieved statistical significance in only one study (P less than 0.01). Fixed combination therapy gave a greater antihypertensive effect than either atenolol or nifedipine administered alone (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.001). Side effects were most common with nifedipine treatment, less common with combination therapy and occurred least commonly with atenolol alone (P less than 0.001). In one study involving 44 patients (aged 20-70 years), side effects attributable to peripheral vasodilation secondary to nifedipine therapy, e.g. flushing and sweats, were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) with nifedipine (n = 11) than with atenolol (n = 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Calcium antagonists: a review of the recent comparative trials. 288 10

A randomised double blind parallel group study was performed to compare the efficacy and acceptability of slow release nifedipine (maximum dose 40 mg twice a day) with those of atenolol (maximum dose 100 mg once a day) as single agents for the treatment of essential hypertension. Of 410 patients recruited almost exclusively from general practices in 22 centres in the United Kingdom 210 received nifedipine and 200 atenolol. Both drugs significantly reduced blood pressure, and control--a reduction of the diastolic pressure to less than 95 mm Hg--was obtained in about 65% of patients. Those who received nifedipine had more pronounced reductions in systolic pressure than those who received atenolol. One hundred and forty nine patients who failed to respond adequately to either atenolol or nifedipine in low doses were given both drugs once daily for eight weeks in a fixed combination capsule that contained atenolol 50 mg and nifedipine 20 mg. All patients showed further reductions in blood pressure, although those who were taking beta atenolol before the combination capsule had more pronounced reductions in systolic pressures. Twenty six patients (12%) were withdrawn because of adverse effects while taking nifedipine compared with 19 (10%) taking atenolol. Flushing and oedema were more common after the calcium antagonist, whereas diarrhoea and dyspepsia were more common after atenolol. The frequencies of headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and dyspnoea were equally distributed between the two groups. When the fixed combination capsule was taken side effects such as flushing and oedema continued. Nifedipine was more effective than atenolol in lowering systolic blood pressure, although neither drug used alone controlled the pressure of more than two thirds of the patients studied. When used in a fixed combination slightly better control of blood pressure was achieved with a lower dose of each drug.
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PMID:Nifedipine and atenolol singly and combined for treatment of essential hypertension: comparative multicentre study in general practice in the United Kingdom. Nifedipine-Atenolol Study Review Committee. 289 83

In coronary heart disease, beta-blockers are beneficial because they limit the increase in heart rate and blood pressure during exercise, and calcium antagonists are useful because they reduce myocardial oxygen demand. Many different pharmacological combinations of a beta-blocker and a calcium antagonist are possible, and beta-blockade may ameliorate reflex tachycardia induced by peripheral vasodilatation due to calcium antagonists, therefore enhancing the benefit. Studies have shown that combination therapy with propranolol and nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem has greater antianginal efficacy based on symptomatic and objective assessment than either agent alone. A similar result has been reported for nifedipine or verapamil combined with atenolol. In combination, atenolol and nifedipine did not depress cardiac output or change the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at rest. During exercise atenolol alone resulted in a reduced LVEF response in most patients but the combination did not adversely affect left ventricular function. Nifedipine alone did not significantly change LVEF. When verapamil was combined with atenolol, resting ejection fraction fell, indicating a deterioration in cardiac function. Nifedipine and propranolol combined do not change heart rate significantly. Verapamil and atenolol both reduce resting heart rate and their combination has a greater effect; a combination of propranolol and diltiazem also reduces heart rate to a similar extent. Caution is therefore warranted when prescribing the latter 2 combinations. An increase in side effects can be expected with combination regimens compared with monotherapy; but with the nifedipine-atenolol combination the calcium antagonist can alleviate beta-blocker-induced effects by its vasodilator effect, and beta-blockers may ameliorate nifedipine-induced palpitations and flushing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Beta-blockers and calcium antagonists in angina pectoris. The potential role of combination therapy. 289 3

1. The antihypertensive efficacy of two different doses of the calcium antagonist felodipine was evaluated in patients with hypertension persisting despite beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy. Following a single-blind placebo period of 4 weeks, patients were randomized to placebo (n = 36), felodipine 5 mg twice daily (n = 39) and felodipine 10 mg twice daily (n = 35) for another 4 weeks. beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy remained unchanged throughout the study. 2. Effects on blood pressure (BP) were evaluated after the first dose and after chronic dosing at 2 h after dosing and the end of the dosing interval (12 h). 3. Felodipine decreased systolic and diastolic BP by 30-35/20-25 mm Hg at 2 h. These decreases were similar after acute and chronic treatment. Twelve hours after dosing, decreases of 15-20/10-15 mm Hg were observed compared to 10/5 mm Hg on placebo, and half of the patients still had a controlled BP (supine diastolic BP less than 90 mm Hg). BP responses were rather similar for both doses of felodipine at 2 and 12 h. 4. Multiple regression analysis showed that both initial BP level and plasma felodipine concentrations were significant predictors of the BP response to felodipine, but age was not. 5. Adverse effects attributed to felodipine were mainly related to vascular symptoms (primarily flushing and ankle swelling); these occurred in about 30% of patients, and were pronounced in three patients (4%). 6. Felodipine is therefore highly effective in lowering BP of hypertensive patients on chronic beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy, with no evidence for a gradual lowering of the BP or for development of tolerance. Both initial BP level and plasma concentrations are better indicators of antihypertensive efficacy of this calcium antagonist than age.
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PMID:Antihypertensive efficacy of the calcium-antagonist felodipine in patients with persisting hypertension on beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy. The Canadian Felodipine Study Group. 290 54

Safety, tolerance, and pharmacology of 9-beta-methylcarbacyclin calcium (ciprostene calcium) was investigated in healthy male volunteers. This stable prostacyclin analogue was infused intravenously into groups of 12, 11, and three volunteers for three, six, and eight hours, respectively, in doses up to 480 ng/kg/min. Based on the tolerance data obtained, a single-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Seven subjects were infused for 8 hr/d for three days with ciprostene at a maximum dose of 160 ng/kg/min and seven subjects received placebo. One subject from each group did not complete the infusion schedule, and they were not included in the final analysis. During infusion of ciprostene, consistent changes in blood pressure and heart rate did not occur. Most frequent adverse drug reactions consisted of headache, restlessness, nausea, perspiration, flushing, and jaw pain. As compared with placebo, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited during the infusion period (P = .048). Significant (P = .04) elevations of platelet cyclic AMP were observed in subjects during infusion of ciprostene. Pre- versus postinfusion routine laboratory evaluations, fibrinogen concentration, antiplasmin activity, and plasminogen and template bleeding times remained unchanged. Placebo- and drug-treated subjects had a daily postinfusion shortening of euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT). The preinfusion minus postinfusion ECLT for ciprostene subjects on days 2 and 3 (133 and 118 min, respectively) compared with placebo (239 and 217 min) suggest a trend to increased fibrinolytic activity. Based on the outcome of this trial, it is estimated that ciprostene is about 15 times less potent than prostacyclin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Tolerance and pharmacology of ciprostene, a stable epoprostenol (prostacyclin) analogue in humans. 300 77

Nisoldipine is an orally administered calcium entry blocking drug structurally related to nifedipine. In limited clinical trials it has been shown to be effective and relatively well tolerated in the treatment of patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and mild to moderate essential hypertension. As for all dihydropyridine-calcium antagonists, its major properties include potent peripheral and coronary vasodilation and improvement in myocardial oxygen supply relative to demand. These actions occur without depression of cardiac conduction or left ventricular function. Short term clinical trials have shown nisoldipine to produce both symptomatic and objective improvements in patients with chronic angina of effort and have suggested a benefit in vasospastic angina. A small number of comparative trials indicate that nisoldipine is equally as effective as nifedipine. In addition, in combination with beta-adrenoceptor blockade nisoldipine appears to offer additional benefit compared with beta-blockade alone and is well tolerated. In patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension nisoldipine monotherapy, in 1 or 2 daily doses, has maintained blood pressure control and has also been a useful addition to diuretics and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in patients with poorly controlled disease. Side effects appear to be dose related, generally mild and transient, and are primarily those resulting from potent peripheral vasodilation - headache, flushing and pretibial or ankle oedema. Although studies to date are promising, there are no published long term studies (greater than 1 year) of nisoldipine in comparison with other calcium entry blockers and other drugs currently in clinical use for the treatment of angina pectoris or hypertension. Until such studies are completed the exact place of nisoldipine in the treatment of these diseases remains to be established.
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PMID:Nisoldipine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders. 306 58


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