Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty patients with focal liver lesions (18 metastases, 1 hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 cholangiocarcinoma) were given manganese DPDP as part of a multicentric phase II study of paramagnetic hepatobiliary MR contrast media. 5 mumol/kg manganese DPDP were injected into 10 patients in a concentration of 50 mumol/ml or 10 mumol/ml (3 ml/min). Blood pressure, pulse rate, ECG, respiratory rate, body temperature, blood and serum parameters and the patients' subjective feelings were recorded. MRI was performed with 1.5 T using T1- and T2-weighted sequences. 6 patients reported 8 side effects (flushing, feeling of warmth, metallic taste); 7 of these were produced by the 50 mumol concentration. Two hours after injection there was a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase which was no longer present after 24 hours. On T1-weighted images manganese DPDP resulted in marked improvement in the contrast difference between the lesions and the liver parenchyma which resulted in a marked increase in the signal to noise ratio. Comparing the two concentrations, better results were obtained by the lower concentration. Extrahepatic uptake was found in the gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, kidneys, gastric mucosa and myocardium. Manganese DPDP in a concentration of 10 mumol/ml and a dose of 5 mumol/kg is a well tolerated contrast medium which improves the demonstration of focal liver lesions in view of its distribution and uptake. The mechanisms for the transitory side effects require further studies.
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PMID:[Manganese DPDP as a contrast medium for MR tomography of focal liver lesions. Tolerance and image quality in 20 patients]. 145 88

Total dissolved beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were measured in the drinking water of 101 households and 21 samples of retail bottled waters purchased in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to ascertain the water quality for human consumption. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP) was used for analysis. First-draw Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn concentrations decreased significantly after 10 min of flushing in the morning. Cd, Fe, Hg, Ni and Zn in some cases exceeded the guideline limits recommended by the EEC and WHO.
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PMID:Survey of trace elements in household and bottled drinking water samples collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 964 27

The objective of the present communication is to describe the role played by combinations between diethydithiocarbamate (DDC) and divalent metals in hemolysis of human RBC. RBC which had been treated with DDC (10-50 microM) were moderately hemolyzed (about 50%) upon the addition of subtoxic amounts of Cu2+ (50 microM). However, a much stronger and a faster hemolysis occurred either if mixtures of RBC-DDC were immediately treated either by Co2+ (50 microM) or by a premixture of Cu2+ and Co2+ (Cu:Co) (50 microM). While Fe2+ and Ni2+, at 50 microM, initiated 30-50% hemolysis when combined with DDC (50 microM), on a molar basis, Cd2+ was at least 50 fold more efficient than any of the other metals in the initiation of hemolysis by DDC. On the other hand, neither Mn2+ nor Zn2+, had any hemolysis-initiating effects. Co2+ was the only metal which totally blocked hemolysis if added to DDC prior to the addition of the other metals. Hemolysis by mixtures of DDC + (Cu:Co) was strongly inhibited by anaerobiosis (flushing with nitrogen gas), by the reducing agents glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine, mercaptosuccinate, ascorbate, TEMPO, and alpha-tocopherol, by the PLA2 inhibitorbromophenacylbromide (BrPACBr), by tetracycline as well as by phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and by trypan blue. However, TEMPO, BrPACBr and PC were the only agents which inhibited hemolysis induced by DDC: Cd2+ complexes. On the other hand, none of the classical scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) employed e.g dimethylthiourea, catalase, histidine, mannitol, sodium benzoate, nor the metal chelators desferal and phenanthroline, had any appreciable inhibitory effects on hemolysis induced by DDC + (Cu:Co). DDC oxidized by H2O2 lost its capacity to act in concert either with Cu2+ or with Cd2+ to hemolyze RBC. While either heating RBC to temperatures greater than 37 degrees C or exposure of the cells to glucose-oxidase-generated peroxide diminished their susceptibility to hemolysis, exposure to the peroxyl radical from AAPH, enhanced hemolysis by DDC + (Cu:Co). The cyclovoltammetry patterns of DDC were drastically changed either by Cu2+, Co2+ or by Cd2+ suggesting a strong interaction of the metals with DDC. Also, while the absorbance spectrum of DDC at 280 nm was decreased by 50% either by Co2+, Cd2+ or by H2O2, a 90% reduction in absorbance occurred if DDC + H2O2 mixtures were treated either by Cu2+ or by Co2+, but not by Cd2+. Taken together, it is suggested that DDC-metal chelates can induce hemolysis by affecting the stability and the integrity of the RBC membrane, and possibly also of the cytoskeleton and the role played by reducing agents as inhibitors might be related to their ability to deplete oxygen which is also supported by the inhibitory effects of anaeobiosis.
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PMID:Hemolysis of human red blood cells induced by the combination of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and divalent metals: modulation by anaerobiosis, certain antioxidants and oxidants. 1049 Feb 37

A commercially available water purification system was evaluated for its ability to minimize chemical and microbial contaminants. The reduction or removal of these impurities from the drinking water of experimental animals would reduce experimental variability. 3 strains of bacteria were collected from the processed water. An increase in the total number of bacteria was observed the longer the filters remained in use. Determinations of heavy metals in water samples before and after processing were made for lead, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, iron, arsenic and mercury. Calcium and magnesium levels were also determined. The concentrations of these inorganic chemicals were reduced by the purification process except at 2 time points in which desorption of the chemical could have occurred. Bacterial colonization and desorption of these chemicals were controlled by installing new filter cartridges. Volatile halocarbon concentrations were determined for water samples before and after purification. All volatile halocarbons analyzed were less than 10 ppb before and after purification at all time points. Other organic chemicals were greatly reduced by the purification process. In a study of contaminants associated with installation of the unit, it was found that flushing the unit for 8 days reduced lead and methyl ethyl ketone concentrations to insignificant levels. The purification system was found to be effective in providing high quality drinking water as verified by a microbial and chemical testing program.
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PMID:An evaluation of a water purification system for use in animal facilities. 1062 87

Discoloured water is one of the main causes of customer complaints received by UK water suppliers. Flushing is recognised as a means of preventing red water events by mobilising material with the potential to cause discolouration. The understanding of the mechanisms and materials causing discolouration is limited. It is therefore necessary to characterise the materials mobilised by flushing, which are responsible for discolouration. The University of Sheffield and two UK water companies embarked on an in-depth programme of monitoring mains flushing. The programme involves collecting discrete samples during flushing of pipes of differing materials, diameters, age, source water and hydraulic regime. The results show iron to be the dominant material mobilised irrespective of pipe material. All samples indicate a direct correlation between turbidity, iron and manganese, and to a lesser extent with metals lead, copper, aluminium and zinc. Concentration of metals mobilised is independent of pipe material, diameter or age.
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PMID:Characterisation of materials causing discolouration in potable water systems. 1498 60

In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) employing permanganate is an emerging technology that has been successful at enhancing mass removal from DNAPL source zones in unconsolidated media at the pilot-scale. The focus of this study was to evaluate the applicability of flushing a permanganate solution across two single vertical fractures in a laboratory environment to remove free phase DNAPL. The fracture experiments were designed to represent a portion of a larger fractured aquifer system impacted by a near-surface DNAPL spill over a shallow fractured rock aquifer. Each fracture was characterized by hydraulic and tracer tests, and the aperture field for one of the fractures was mapped using a co-ordinate measurement machine. Following DNAPL emplacement, a series of water and permanganate flushes were performed. To support observations from the fracture experiments, a set of batch experiments was conducted. The data from both fracture experiments showed that the post-oxidation effluent concentration was not impacted by the oxidant flush; however, changes in the aperture distribution, flow field, and flow rate were observed. These changes resulted in a significant decrease to the mass loading from the fractures, and were attributed to the build-up of oxidation by-products (manganese oxides and carbon dioxide) within the fracture which was corroborated by the batch experiment data and visual examination of the walls of one fracture. These results provide insight into the potential impact that a permanganate solution and oxidation by-products can have on the aperture distribution within a fracture and on DNAPL mass transfer rates. A permanganate flush or injection completed within a fractured rock aquifer may lead to the development of an insoluble product adjacent to the DNAPL which results in the reduction or complete elimination of advective regions near the DNAPL and reduces mass transfer rates. This outcome would have significant implications on the plume generating potential of the remaining DNAPL.
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PMID:Mass removal of chlorinated ethenes from rough-walled fractures using permanganate. 1538

Studies were conducted with columns containing soil and emplaced trichloroethene (TCE) to investigate the potential for TCE source zone remediation with chemical oxidation followed by biologically mediated reductive dehalogenation. Following permanganate flushing of four columns, which resulted in rapid but incomplete removal of TCE DNAPL, no biological activity was observed following the addition of distilled water amended with ethanol and acetate, including two of the four columns that were bioaugmented with a TCE-dechlorinating microbial culture. Flushing with unsterilized site groundwater led to consumption of acetate and ethanol, accompanied by manganese reduction and methanogenesis. Reductive dechlorination of TCE to cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) followed the onset of ethanol and acetate biodegradation in bioaugmented columns only. Partial dechlorination of TCEto ethene was observed only in one of the bioaugmented columns after it was inoculated for a third time. At the end of the study (290 days), a trace amount of cis-DCE was observed in one of the two columns which was not bioaugmented. Reduced conditions created by biostimulation were also conducive to reduction of Mn(IV) from MnO2 in both bioaugmented and nonbioaugmented columns resulting in an increased dissolved manganese (Mn2+) concentration in groundwater.
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PMID:Laboratory study of treatment of trichloroethene by chemical oxidation followed by bioremediation. 1588 90

This study applied multivariate factorial kriging to derive the characteristics of the spatial variations of groundwater arsenic distributions at different scales on the ChiaNan floodplain, Taiwan. Seven variables (dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, alkalinity, sulfate, iron cations, manganese cations and total organic carbon) and Arsenic were adopted to analyze the mechanisms of arsenic enrichments in groundwater. The hydrogeological environment had spatial and quantitative influences on arsenic enrichments at different scales. The regional scale was set to 32 km referring to the extension distance of flow paths to reflect the effects of flushing in the aquifer, while the local scale was set to 16 km referring to the farthest distance of seawater intrusion to determine the influence of seawater intrusion. The results of factorial kriging suggested that arsenic releases resulted partially from pyrite oxidation during the flushing at the regional scale and partially due to the siderite dissolution at the local scale. Overall, the alkalinity dominated arsenic distribution in groundwater at both the regional and local scales. The multivariate factorial kriging results also demonstrated that seawater intrusion slightly affected the increase of arsenic in groundwater, accounting for only 17.3% of total variation. However, the interaction of seawater intrusion and arsenic distribution in space indicated that seawater intrusion restrained the distribution of arsenic from the areas where seawater was located. High dissolved oxygen was found at where over-pumping induced drawdown cones occurred and also limited the spatial variation of arsenic. Our findings indicate that multivariate factorial kriging can be a useful mapping tool to improve understanding of the mechanism of arsenic release in groundwater at different scales. And the results conducted from the application of multivariate factorial kriging in southwestern Taiwan reveal the important influences of the hydrogeological processes, either artificial or natural, on the arsenic variations in groundwater.
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PMID:Mapping of spatial multi-scale sources of arsenic variation in groundwater on ChiaNan floodplain of Taiwan. 1690 65

Hydrogen storage in metal hydrides is a promising alternative to common storage methods. The surface of a metal hydride plays an important part in the absorption of hydrogen, since important partial reaction steps take place here. The development of surface contaminations and their influence on hydrogen absorption is examined by means of absorption experiments and surface analysis, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal desorption mass spectrometry (TDMS) and secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS), in this work. All investigations were carried out on a modern AB(2) metal hydride alloy, namely Ti(0.96)Zr(0.04)Mn(1.43)V(0.45)Fe(0.08). Surface analysis (SNMS, XPS) shows that long-term air storage (several months) leads to oxide layers about 15 nm thick, with complete oxidation of all main alloy components. By means of in situ oxygen exposure at room temperature and XPS analysis, it can be shown that an oxygen dose of about 100 Langmuirs produces an oxide layer comparable to that after air storage. Manganese enrichment (segregation) is also clearly observed and is theoretically described here. This oxide layer hinders hydrogen absorption, so an activation procedure is necessary in order to use the full capacity of the metal hydride. This procedure consists of heating (T = 120 degrees C) in vacuum and hydrogen flushing at pressures like p = 18 bar. During the activation process the alloy is pulverized to particles of approximately 20 microm through lattice stretches. It is shown that this pulverization of the metal hydride (creating clean surface) during hydrogen flushing is essential for complete activation of the material. Re-activation of powder contaminated by small doses of air (p approximately 0.1 bar) does not lead to full absorption capacity. In ultrahigh vacuum, hydrogen is only taken up by the alloy after sputtering of the surface (which is done in order to remove oxide layers from it), thus creating adsorption sites for the hydrogen. This is shown by TDMS measurements with and without sputtering and oxygen exposure.
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PMID:Influence of surface contaminations on the hydrogen storage behaviour of metal hydride alloys. 1821 95

Of the various sources of arsenic released in to the environment, the presence of arsenic in water probably poses the greatest threat to human health. Arsenic is released in to the environment through water by dissolution of minerals and ores. Natural release is slow, but in some areas the concentration of arsenic in groundwater (commonly referred to as Acid Mine Drainage (or AMD)) is accelerated by mining activity. In fact the presence of arsenic may last a long time even after the mining activity has ceased. Hence it is imperative to study the quality of water (especially for those areas in the vicinity of mines) used for different purposes to identify an appropriate remediation technique for effective pollution control. In this paper, contents of arsenic and other metals in the water were quantified from three different sources: (1) groundwater from the mining tunnel (Judge tunnel), (2) drinking water, and (3) water used in the hydrant-flushed distribution system (Park City) in Utah (USA). The results showed the content of arsenic from the mining tunnel, after chlorination, and in tap water were below 10 microgl(-1). However, significant amounts of arsenic, lead, zinc, iron, manganese and antimony have been found in water samples taken from the distribution systems. In the consideration of the further use of mine groundwater for drinking purposes and the distribution system, Park City should regularly be maintained by a flushing program in the distribution system.
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PMID:Study of arsenic content in mine groundwater commonly used for human consumption in Utah. 1861 20


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