Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analogue which has higher potency and longer duration of action than the natural hormone. It is effective after subcutaneous administration and no rebound hypersecretion has been observed. Pharmacological effects of octreotide include inhibition of numerous hormones (growth hormone, TSH, insulin, glucagon and all gut hormones), of exocrine secretion (gastric acid, pancreatic enzyme), and of small-bowel absorption. This review deals with clinical application of octreotide in endocrine disorder. In patients with acromegaly octreotide treatment results in decrease of growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I together with tumour shrinkage and clinical improvement. Although variability in response to treatment is obvious for majority of patients the most effective dose is 100 mcg three times daily subcutaneously. Normalization of GH levels could be achieved in more than 50% of treated patients. It has also been shown that octreotide could be effective in TSH secreting pituitary adenoma, ACTH secreting adenoma as well as in non-secretory pituitary tumours. A marked biochemical and clinical responses together with longer survival have been reported in most of the patients with gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumours. Patients who benefit the most from octreotide therapy are those with carcionid syndrome (successful control of diarrhoea, flushing episodes and wheezing) and VIPomas (control of diarrhoea). In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) octreotide suppresses GH levels, postprandial blood glucose increases with resultant decrease in daily insulin requirements. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) octreotide has inhibitory effect on serum LH and ovarian androgens. This could have beneficial effect on ovulatory performance in women with PCOS.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical use of octreotide (Sandostatin) in endocrinology]. 799 11

The oral ethanol loading test (0.5 g/kg body mass given as 40% solution) was carried out in 5 groups, each of 10 out-patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes before and after 10 days of treatment with one of the following sulphonylurea derivatives: tolbutamide (CAS 64-77-7) 0.5 t.i.d., chlorpropamide (CAS 94-20-2) 0.5 once daily morning, glibornuride (CAS 26944-48-9) 0.025 t.i.d., glibenclamide (CAS 10238-21-8) 0.005 t.i.d. and glipizide (CAS 29094-61-9) 0.005 t.i.d. The response to alcohol (facial flush, heart rate, blood pressure) were compared, and blood concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde, pyruvate, lactate, hydrocarbonates as well as blood pH, pO2 and pCO2 were determined in fasting state and during 6 hours after alcohol ingestion. In all patients the family history of diabetes and the presence and degree of vascular complications were registered. Evident flushing phenomenon was observed in 6 patients treated with chlorpropamide, in 3 treated with tolbutamide, in 2 treated with glibenclamide, in one receiving glibornuride and in none treated with glipizide. All drugs caused a greater rise of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in relation to the control tests, but the difference reached statistical significance only in the group receiving chlorpropamide. Moreover, patients (pooled) with positive thermographic response had also significantly higher blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde during the second test. The ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol concentration in blood (mumol:mmol) was not significantly changed in any group indicating parallel impairment of both steps of ethanol metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Alcohol tolerance in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes treated with sulphonylurea derivatives. 805 71

L-692,429, a substituted benzolactam, is a novel nonpeptide mimic of the GH secretagogue, GH-releasing peptide-6. The safety and GH secretory activity of L-692,429 (0.001-1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) were investigated in 24 healthy nonobese young (18-26 yr old) male volunteers who demonstrated a GH response of 7 micrograms/L or more after 1 microgram/kg, i.v. GH-releasing hormone [GH-releasing hormone-(1-29)NH2]. L-692,429 was administered as a 15-min iv infusion in an incremental dose, double blind, placebo-controlled, alternating panel fashion to 3 panels of 8 subjects each. Dose-dependent GH secretion was observed with a threshold dose of 0.05 mg/kg (4 of 6 subjects responded with peak GH > 7 micrograms/L), and 0.2 mg/kg produced a response in all 14 subjects tested (mean +/- SE peak GH, 41.0 +/- 6.3 micrograms/L). The maximum dose of 1.0 mg/kg L-692,429 resulted in a pronounced GH response (peak GH, 82.5 +/- 14.9 micrograms/L; n = 8). The GH peak was seen 30-45 min after initiation of the infusion. Small transient increases in cortical and PRL were observed (increases in cortical averaged 182.1 +/- 33.1 nmol/L and peak PRL was 21 +/- 2.6 micrograms/L after 1.0 mg/kg L-692,429, respectively), whereas no significant changes occurred in LH, FSH, TSH, insulin, or glucose concentrations. Plasma pharmacokinetic analysis revealed dose-related increases in plasma concentrations of L-692,429 and a half-life of 3.8 +/- 0.2 (+/- SE) h, a plasma clearance of 214 +/- 67 mL/min, and a steady state volume of distribution of 14.2 +/- 4.8 L. Facial flushing or a warm sensation were reported in 4 subjects, primarily at dose levels of 0.2 mg/kg L-692,429 or more, but no other clinical or laboratory adverse experiences appeared related to drug treatment. L-692,429, synthesized as a specific nonpeptide mimic of GH-releasing peptide-6, is thus a well tolerated, highly effective, and selective GH secretagogue in man.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone response in man to L-692,429, a novel nonpeptide mimic of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6. 807 39

The aim of the present study was to define the conditions of preparation and in vitro culture of embryonic discs allowing proliferation of ES-like cells. G5-6 porcine blastocysts (G0 = day of AI) were cultured in toto; in G10-11 blastocysts, trophectoderm and primitive endoderm were microsurgically removed from embryonic discs (ED) which were cultured either on plastic or on a feeder layer. Feeder cells were foetal G30 porcine fibroblasts which had been previously irradiated. Culture medium was DMEM supplemented with 0.1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 5% foetal calf serum, 5% Ultroser G and 10(3) IU LIF; cultures were performed at 38 degrees C. Colonies were reseeded weekly. Few embryonic discs from G5-6 and no elongating blastocysts gave rise to ES-like cells. At least 50% G10-11 ED attached and developed multilayered colonies (100 cells) of small ovoid ES-like cells. Colonies from 4 sows were maintained in culture for at least 8 wk. Addition of PDGF, insulin or both, induced a transitory stimulation of growth in G6 or G10-11 ED; TGF beta did not modify growth of G6 ICM. Uterine G10-11 flushing medium or retinol induced differentiation of ES-like cells. These cells introduced in nude mice induced teratoma.
 ...
PMID:In vitro culture of embryonic disc cells from porcine blastocysts. 814 30

Data from studies in diabetic rodents and evidence from clinical situations of severe resistance to insulin suggest that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is able to at least partly overcome insulin resistance. To assess the efficacy of recombinant human IGF-I in subjects with the most common form of insulin resistance, e.g., obese, type II diabetic patients, we administered recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF) in doses of 120 and 160 micrograms/kg twice daily for 4-52 days to seven such individuals who had been treated previously with high doses of insulin (> 0.7 U.kg-1 x day-1). Four patients exhibited comparable or enhanced, whereas three had diminished, blood glucose control on rhIGF-I relative to that while on twice daily NPH insulin during the six-week control period. The occurrence of adverse effects in all patients compelled us to discontinue rhIGF-I administration before completing the 8-week treatment period. These adverse effects included edema primarily on the face and hands, mild weight gain, occasional dyspnea, bilateral jaw tenderness, arthralgias and myalgias, fatigue, tachycardia, flushing, orthostatic hypotension, and local burning at the injection site. We conclude that the frequency and severity of side effects associated with administering high-dose subcutaneous rhIGF-I to obese insulin-resistant diabetic patients make it an unacceptable therapeutic agent for these patients despite its ability to produce reasonable blood glucose control in approximately 50% of them.
 ...
PMID:Adverse effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in obese insulin-resistant type II diabetic patients. 831 9

The oral ethanol loading test (0.5 g per kg b.m. given as 40% solution) was carried out in 5 groups, each of 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes before and after 10 days of treatment with one of the following sulphonylurea derivatives: tolbutamide 0.5 t.i.d., chlorpropamide 0.5 once daily morning, glibornuride 0.025 t.i.d, glibenclamide 0.005 t.i.d. and glipizide 0.005 t.i.d. The response to alcohol (facial flush, heart rate, blood pressure) were compared, and blood concentration of ethanol, acetaldehyde, pyruvate, lactate, carbonates as well as blood pH, pO2 and pCO2 were determined in fasting state and during 6 hours after alcohol ingestion. In all patients the family history of diabetes and the presence and degree of vascular complications were registered. Evident flushing phenomenon was observed in 6 patients treated with chlorpropamide, in 3 treated with tolbutamide, in 2 treated with glibenclamide, in one receiving glibornuride and in none treated with glipizide. All drugs caused a greater rise of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in relation to the control tests, but the difference reached statistical significance only in the group receiving chlorpropamide. Moreover, patients (pooled) with positive thermographic response had also significantly higher blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde during the second test. The ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol concentration in blood (mumol:mmol) was not significantly changed in any group indicating parallel impairment of both steps of ethanol metabolism. All studied drugs intensified to a similar degree the alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia, but had no significant effect on the decrease of blood pyruvate level neither on the increase of blood lactate level. They didn't change the post-alcohol decrease of blood bicarbonate and pH, and didn't modify the behaviour of partial gas pressure. There was also no difference between pooled groups of patients with positive and negative thermographic reaction with respect to family history of diabetes and frequency and intensity of vascular complications. It is concluded that in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes the second generation sulphonylurea derivatives are associated with lower risk of alcohol intolerance in case of its incidental ingestion in small amounts. The hypothesis of association of positive thermographic reaction to alcohol during treatment with sulphonylurea derivatives with more frequent occurrence of diabetes in family members and lower tendency to vascular complications was not confirmed.
 ...
PMID:[Alcohol tolerance in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2) treated orally with drugs--derivatives of sulphonylurea]. 841 9

In rat models of liver preservation, the primary event leading to liver graft failure after cold storage is a reperfusion injury causing damage to sinusoidal endothelial cells and activation of Kupffer cells (KC). After storage for longer than 16 h in University of Wisconsin solution, reperfusion induces rapid endothelial cell killing. Kupffer cell activation also occurs as indicated by cell surface ruffling, degranulation, release of hydrolytic enzymes, generation of oxygen radicals, and increased phagocytosis. Down-regulation of KC activity with nisoldipine or pentoxifylline improves graft survival. Moreover, pretreatment of donors with small amounts of endotoxin to activate KC causes a drastic reduction of graft survival. Together, KC activation and endothelial damage cause marked microcirculatory disturbances after transplantation characterized by reduced and uneven blood flow and increased leucocyte and platelet adhesion. Such events culminate in inflammation, necrosis and fulminant graft failure. Modification of reperfusion conditions can reduce the extent of injury. In particular, flushing livers with Carolina rinse solution (CRS) at the end of storage reduces endothelial cell killing, suppresses KC activation, improves the microcirculation, and increases graft survival. Active ingredients in CRS include antioxidants (allopurinol, desferrioxamine and glutathione), adenosine and slightly acidic pH (6.5). Other potentially important ingredients are nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker, and fructose, glucose and insulin to promote glycolysis. The cytoprotective amino acid, glycine, further improves the performance of Carolina rinse solution. Reperfusion-induced changes to nonparenchymal cells play an essential role in damage to livers preserved for transplantation surgery. Understanding the role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and KC in this injury has led to promising new strategies to prolong organ storage and reduce graft failure.
 ...
PMID:Dual role of Kupffer cell activation and endothelial cell damage in reperfusion injury to livers stored for transplantation surgery. 858 53

To investigate the influence of the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype on the clinical features of diabetes, 212 Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (154 males and 58 females aged 17-83 years; mean age 58.2 years) were investigated. Genotyping of ALDH2 was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The pattern of inheritance of diabetes and various clinical parameters was compared between active and inactive ALDH2 groups. Of the 212 subjects, 120 had active ALDH2 and 92 had inactive ALDH2. The percentage of patients with a diabetic mother was higher in the inactive ALDH2 group (32.6%) than in the active ALDH2 group (19.2%) (p < 0.05). The prevalence of proliferative retinopathy was lower in the inactive ALDH2 group than in the active ALDH2 group (p < 0.05). However, other clinical parameters showed no difference. We conclude that maternal inheritance of diabetes was common in the inactive ALDH2 group. The finding is suggestive of a relationship between alcohol intolerance and inheritance of diabetes. We speculate that the interaction between mitochondrial DNA and ALDH2 inactivity causes an increase of mitochondrial DNA mutations or deletions, thereby inducing the maternal inheritance of diabetes. The relationship of the ALDH2 genotype with proliferative retinopathy is interesting, because it resembles that of chlorpropamide alcohol flushing with severe diabetic retinopathy. The interaction of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes might have an aetiological role, since aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 plays an important part in oxidation of retinal to retinoic acid. However, the number of affected patients with proliferative retinopathy was small, hence, our result should be considered as a preliminary finding.
 ...
PMID:Association of aldehyde dehydrogenase with inheritance of NIDDM. 887 97

Alpha adrenergic receptors localized in blood vessels, heart, and kidneys as well as pre- and post-synaptic membrane are significantly important for controlling blood pressure. The treatment of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs induce vasodilatation subsequently lowering blood pressure. Selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocking drugs (alpha-1 blockers) are recommended as a first line treatment of hypertension, because of their desirable effect on lipid and glucose metabolism. alpha-1 blockers decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increase in HDL-cholesterol. It is suggested that alpha-1 blockers improve insulin tolerance, cardiomegaly and atherosclerosis. Although they have many beneficial effect, we should consider adverse effects (orthostatic hypotension, flushing, etc.).
 ...
PMID:[Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist (blocker)]. 928 23

Metabolic blood profiles were studied in a total of 30 female mink (Mustela vison) at different planes of nutrition prior to the breeding season in a control (CON; n = 10), a flushed (FLUSH; n = 10) and a negative energy balance group (NEG; n = 10). The animals were kept in metabolism cages or under normal farm conditions, respectively. The experiment, which was divided into six 1-week periods, started on 6 February and continued until 20 March. Flushing was performed by restricted feeding in periods 2 and 3 and refeeding in periods 4 and 5. The animals were weighted weekly and blood sampled at the end of periods 1, 2 and 4, 1 week after changes in the food supply of the FLUSH group. Plasma was analysed for insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, free thyroxine, glucose and fructosamine. Generally, within the FLUSH group, animal live weights and blood metabolites were strongly influenced by energy supply, these variables remained almost constant in the CON group. In the NEG group the live weight, total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, insulin and glucose concentrations decreased significantly. Differences in blood metabolites between the FLUSH and CON groups were non-significant, reflecting only small differences when considered over the total experimental period, thus reflecting an acute response to a varied energy supply, while the differences between the NEG group and the CON and FLUSH groups were significant, indicating a considerable chronic response in all metabolites to a constantly low energy supply.
 ...
PMID:Influence of different planes of energy supply prior to the breeding season on blood metabolites in female mink (Mustela vison). 960 53


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>