Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Strain PA-1 (S. Barik, W.J. Brulla, and M.P. Bryant, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:304-310, 1985) is an anaerobic, gram-negative rod that in pure culture decarboxylates succinate to propionate and that grows syntrophically as an acetogen with the H2 utilizer Methanospirillum hungatei if glucose, pyruvate, aspartate, or fumarate is provided. In pure culture, strain PA-1 grows optimally in a medium containing 5% ruminal fluid, 0.1% yeast extract, a 4:1 N2-CO2 gas phase, and 20 mM succinate. With the PA-1 plus M. hungatei coculture, good growth was obtained with 7.5 mM glucose and tryptophan could replace the yeast extract. Strain PA-1 in pure culture grew quite well in glucose medium if the large headspace was flushed intermittently with N2. Flushing with H2 inhibited this growth.
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PMID:Growth of the syntrophic anaerobic acetogen, strain PA-1, with glucose or succinate as energy source. 275 84

It has been well established that elevated dietary tryptophan (TRP) levels can increase brain serotonin concentrations, thereby influencing serotonergic transmission. We previously examined interaction between dietary substrate (TRP: 0.15 and 0.6%) and the cofactor precursor (pyridoxine HCl: 3 and 3,000 mg/kg) on brain serotonin metabolism, observing significant increases in serotonin concentrations from such dietary interaction. The present experiments were designed to explore possible behavioral consequences of the substrate-cofactor interaction. After the IP injection of fenfluramine (FA: at 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg), serotonin-mediated behavior traits and the appearance of flushing were observed in rats fed experimental diets as stated above. With a 5 mg/kg dose of FA, a differential dietary effect was most visible. However, at higher FA levels (15 and 20 mg/kg), such dietary effects were no longer discernible. The appearance of flushing was also dependent on dietary TRP intake and the dosage of FA. These results indicate a clear substrate-cofactor interaction on certain serotonin-mediated behavior traits in the rat.
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PMID:Fenfluramine-induced behavior changes in rats prefed serotonin-altering amounts of tryptophan and pyridoxine. 336 51

We describe a patient treated with trazodone, isocarboxazid, and methylphenidate hydrochloride who developed confusion, agitation, poor concentration, rigidity, myoclonus, involuntary movements, orthostatic hypotension, and hyperreflexia. CK was normal, and the syndrome resolved spontaneously over 12 hours. The serotonin syndrome occurs following the use of serotomimetic agents (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, tryptophan, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, dextromethorphan, meperidine, S-adenosylmethionine) alone or in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. It is characterized by various combinations of myoclonus, rigidity, hyperreflexia, shivering, confusion, agitation, restlessness, coma, autonomic instability, low-grade fever, nausea, diarrhea, diaphoresis, flushing, and rarely, rhabdomyolysis and death.
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PMID:Serotonin syndrome. 785 15

Pancreatic segmental autotransplantation in the pig has been considered an attractive model to study several aspects of pancreas transplantation because of the absence of rejections related to the immune system. However, the frequent presence of anatomical variations in the vascular supply of the left pancreatic segment in the pig makes this model difficult, impairing the access for vascular flushing and revascularization in pancreatic autotransplantation. We assessed pancreatic vascular anatomy of 71 Landrace pigs: group I (G1, n = 32) transplanted after direct reconstruction of the hepatic flow; and group II (G2, n = 39) transplanted after hepatic-celiac arterial reconstruction (HECAR) with an iliac vascular graft between the celiac trunk and the hepatic artery. HTK (histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate; Custodiol) and UW (University of Wisconsin; Viaspan) solutions were used. In total, 23 technically successfully transplanted animals (HTK = 15; UW = 8) after 24 h of cold storage were studied. Reconstruction time was longer in G2 than in G1 (p = .04). Thrombosis of the reconstructed hepatic artery occurred more in G1 than in G2 (45% vs. 8%, respectively, p = .013). Pancreatic arterial thrombosis was noticed in 10 animals in G1 (32%) and in 2 in G2 (5%) (p = .026). Ninety-four percent of pancreas grafts were suitable for cold storage study in G2 versus 45% for G1 (p < .001). No differences were noticed in K values, weight of transplanted grafts, preoperative and 24 h postoperative glycemia, for both preservation solutions. Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation can be successfully performed for cold preservation studies. A high percentage of pancreas useable for transplantation can be achieved using hepato-celiac arterial reconstruction. HTK solution is suitable for flushing and 24 h of preservation for pancreatic grafts in the porcine model.
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PMID:Segmental porcine pancreatic autotransplantation as model for pancreas preservation studies using two different techniques for vascular reconstruction. 1099

The carcinoid syndrome, associated with carcinoid tumors of the midgut, consists of symptoms such as diarrhea, flushing, wheezing and cardiovascular symptoms. This review focuses on these symptoms and discusses therapeutic options. The symptoms are caused by the secretion of biogenic amines, polypeptides and other factors of which serotonin is the most prominent. However, diarrhea is also due to factors such as malabsorption. Besides antitumor therapy, more specific interventions such as serotonin receptor blockers can be useful. The carcinoid heart disease involves the tricuspid and pulmonary valve. In the pathogenesis, serotonin plays a central role. The therapeutic approach is mostly symptomatic. Other cardiovascular complications include bowel ischemia and hypertension. Pellagra and psychiatric symptoms are due to a depletion of tryptophan, which is consumed by the carcinoid tumor for serotonin synthesis. Finally, follow-up and clinical practice of patients with carcinoid tumors are discussed.
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PMID:Complications of midgut carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome. 1547 13

Adequate flushing for liver donation requires large fluid volumes delivered at a high flow. This can be achieved more effectively with crystalloid solutions than with colloid-based solutions. This study examined the combination of initial histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTK) graft flush and subsequent storage in University of Wisconsin solution (UW) to that of the single use of each solution. Livers from inbred Wistar rats were procured using aortic perfusion with UW or HTK for initial perfusion and reflushed after 30 minutes using either solution. In a third group, after perfusion with HTK, organs were reflushed with UW. A 60-minute in-vitro recirculating perfusion was performed after 24 hours of cold storage in the subsequent solution, as well as allotransplantation after 18 and 24 hours of cold storage. In extracorporeal perfusion, the HTK flush followed by UW storage was superior compared to the single use of either UW or HTK solution, as measured by portal venous pressure, bile flow, liver enzymes released into the effluent perfusate, glycerol leakage, and histological examinations. These data were consistent with the transplantation study. Histological damage and enzyme release after 5-day survival were lowest in the HTK flush and subsequent UW storage groups following 18 hours of cold storage; likewise, the 5-day survival was superior following 24 hours of cold storage. In conclusion, the combined use of HTK solution for initial graft rinse and subsequent storage in UW solution resulted in a cumulative protection. Choosing low-viscosity HTK solution for the initial organ flush may represent a feasible improvement in liver preservation, which also further reduces the required amount of UW solution.
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PMID:Low viscosity histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate graft flush improves subsequent extended cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution in an extracorporeal rat liver perfusion and rat liver transplantation model. 1703 29

Catecholamine-secreting metastatic carcinoid should be considered in differential diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma. Paroxysmal functioning or hormonally silent gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP NETs) require repeat biochemical measurements and sensitive anatomic and functional imaging studies overlapping those for malignant pheochromocytoma. This report presents clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a patient presenting with heart rate variability; vasoactive headaches reactive to ethanol, tyramine and tryptophan; labile blood pressure; diaphoresis; diarrhea; abdominal pain; unexplained pancreatitis; joint pain; and paroxysmal flushing with pallor. GI studies (including endoscopic ultrasound) and multiple imaging modalities (including 2D CT, MRI with gadolinium, [18]FDG PET/CT, [123I]MIBG, and SRS [111In]Octreotide [OctreoScan]) were not diagnostic. 24-h BP, Holter and 30-day cardiac event monitors plus urinary biochemical studies consistently suggested catecholamine-synthesizing NET. NIH plasma metanephrines studies and [6]-[18F]Fluorodopamine PET ruled out malignant pheochromocytoma (pheo). Repeated studies showed persistently abnormal GEP NET biomarkers and urinary catecholamines. Capsule endoscopy revealed suspicious submucosal lesions throughout the small intestine. Dual-phase 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with 3D volumetric reconstruction of the abdomen and pelvis revealed multiple diffuse liver metastases and three extrahepatic lesions consistent with metastatic carcinoid. In combination, intensive biochemical testing repeated over time, dual-phase 64-slice MDCT with 3D image reconstruction and volume-rendering (VR) technique, and advanced radionuclide imaging are required to detect NETs' sporadic or paroxysmal functioning, rule out extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, and localize and characterize metastatic carcinoid. If pheochromocytoma is ruled out, yet symptoms and biochemical markers for catecholamine excess are present, then carcinoid and other amine-precursor-uptake decarboxylation (APUD) tumors must remain in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Catecholamine-secreting metastatic carcinoid as differential diagnosis in pheochromocytoma: clinical, laboratory, and imaging clues in the search for the lurking neuroendocrine tumor (NET). 1710 73

Niacin (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) is a vitamin used as a source of the NAD+ and NADP+ coenzymes required for many metabolic processes. Its low dietary levels induce the development of pellagra. Niacin has been used for decades in the treatment of patients with disturbed lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, this being the main cause of atherosclerotic changes in cardiovascular diseases. It is still the most efficacious drug in terms of its ability to increase HDL cholesterol content accompanied by a decrease in all atherogenic lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, and L(a)) as well as fatty acids and triglycerides. Niacin also increases adiponectin level, which might result in additional atheroprotection. There are studies confirming the beneficial action of niacin against migraine and hyperphosphatemia associated with renal failure, ethanol-induced neurodegeneration, and loss of beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes. Moreover, it augments plasma tryptophan concentrations in HIV-infected patients and thyroid radiosensitivity to 131I. Inhibition of the invasion of hepatoma cells has also been proven. However, it is necessary to point out that the currently applied niacin preparations might exhibit such side effects as cutaneous flushing, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hepatotoxicity, particularly during treatment with sustained-release niacin preparations. The recent discovery of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109A, which mediates the antilipolytic effects induced by nicotinic acid in adipocytes as well as cutaneous vasodilation, allows the development of new agents interacting with this receptor. In view of these observations, niacin therapy must be accompanied by control of the choice of niacin preparation and its dose in order to eliminate or at least limit its side effects.
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PMID:[Niacin in therapy]. 1755 32

We reviewed pancreas transplantation outcomes after Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK) and University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution use between 2001 and 2007 at two transplant centers. While equivalence has been claimed for kidney and liver transplant outcomes after the use of HTK or UW preservation solution, consensus has not been reached on equivalence when flushing pancreata. Others have reported comparable patient and graft survival rates, but found an association between the use of HTK and an increase in the incidence of acute rejection and pancreatitis. In reviewing our experiences, we found in pancreata flushed with HTK a higher incidence of postoperative complications including graft pancreatitis, use of octreotide and a decreased rate of insulin-independence at hospital discharge. These findings prompted us to critically review our centers' experience to determine if there is a basis for suspecting a causal relationship.
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PMID:Increased pancreatitis in allografts flushed with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution: a cautionary tale. 1878 34

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of glucose monitoring and new insulin formulations, many individuals still develop devastating secondary complications. Pancreatic islet transplantation can restore near normal glucose control in diabetic patients, without the risk of serious hypoglycemic episodes that are associated with intensive insulin therapy. Providing sufficient islet mass is important for successful islet transplantation. However, donor characteristic, organ procurement and preservation affect the isolation outcome. At University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) we have developed a successful isolation protocol with an improved purification gradient. The program started in January 2004, and more than 300 isolations were performed up to November 2008. The pancreata were sent in cold preservation solutions (UW, University of Wisconsin or HTK, Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate) to the Cell Isolation Laboratory at UIC for islet isolation. Pancreatic islets were isolated using the UIC method, which is a modified version of the method originally described by Ricordi et al. Briefly, after cleaning the pancreas from the surrounding tissue, it was perfused with enzyme solution (Serva Collagenase + Neutral Protease or Sigma V enzyme). The distended pancreas was then transferred to the Ricordi digestion chamber, connected to a modified, closed circulation tubing system, and warmed up to 37 degrees C. During the digestion, the chamber was shaken gently. Samples were taken continuously to monitor the digestion progress. Once free islets were detected under the microscope, the digestion was stopped by flushing cold (4 degrees C) RPMI dilution solution (Mediatech, Herndon, VA) into the circulation system to dilute the enzyme. After being collected and washed in M199 media supplemented with human albumin, the tissue was sampled for pre-purification count and incubated with UW solution before purification. Purification process will be described in Part II: Purification and Culture of Human Islets.
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PMID:Human pancreatic islet isolation: Part I: digestion and collection of pancreatic tissue. 1947 Dec 44


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