Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In normal heparinized blood, the retention of platelets in glass bead columns was low in the first 1 or 2 ml, increasing to more than 80% by the 4th or 5th ml. Prior flushing of the columns with platelet-poor plasma or saline lowered retention in all 5 ml. Additional studies were carried out with a two-stage procedure in which a sample of blood (A) was pumped through a column, immediately flushed out with saline or plasma, and followed by a second blood sample (B). When as little as 1 ml of blood A preceded the flushing solution, retention was very high in all 5 ml of the subsequent blood B. This enhancement of retention in B occurred, providing blood A contained platelets (other than thrombasthenic), fibrinogen, and adequate divalent cations. Enhancement did not require von Willebrand factor (vWF) in A, nor was ADP necessary, since enhancement occurred even when heparinized blood as A contained prostaglendin E1 (PGE1) or creatine phosphokinase with creatine phosphate (CPK-CP). However, the presence of PGE1 or CPK-CP in the plasma used to flush the columns prevented the enhancement of retention in the first milliliter of B. Retention in the first milliliter of B (following normal blood as A and saline or normal plasma for flushing) was high when B was afibrinogenemic, moderately high when B contained PGE1 or CPK-CP, and low in thrombasthenic, EDTA, or vWF-deficient blood. Retention declined in subsequent milliliters of PGE1 or CPK-CP blood and remained low in thrombasthenic, vWF-deficient, or EDTA blood. Our findings suggest that (1) the platelets in A adhere to glass; this adhesion requires fibrinogen but not vWF or ADP; (2) the adherent platelets release ADP and become sticky; (3) adhesion of platelets in the first milliliter of B to the sticky platelets from A requires vWF and divalent cations but not ADP; (4) retention is maintained thereafter by repetitive platelet-platelet interactions involving ADP release, alteration of adherent platelets by released ADP, and adhesion of further platelets to these ADP-altered platelets which requires vWF.
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PMID:Platelet retention in glass bead columns: adhesion to glass and subsequent platelet-platelet interactions. 81 73

Pretreatment of normal human neutrophils with certain cytokines and other mediators caused some of the cells to become adhesive and stick to the plastic (polypropylene) incubation tubes during pretreatment and during the assay for phagocytosis of C3b.IgG-coated microspheres. Often as much as 40% of the cells were adherent to the tubes after the reaction. This sticking of the neutrophils to the plastic tubes was confirmed by increase in cytometer sipping time and by lactic dehydrogenase assay of the suspended cells and of the cells stuck on the sides of the empty incubation tubes. Only those perturbants that caused an up-regulation of C3b receptors (CR1, CD35) and in most cases caused an enhancement of phagocytosis mediated the adhesiveness of the cells. Unless these stuck cells were detached by vigorous flushing with cold buffer containing EDTA, many of the cells were not admitted into the cytometer for determination of the effect of the perturbants on binding and phagocytic capacity of the neutrophils. This observation could have implications regarding the possibility of subpopulations of neutrophils and differences in function of adherent cells versus cells in suspension. In the cases studied there was no appreciable difference between the total binding and phagocytic capacities of the adherent and suspended cells.
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PMID:Adhesive effect of certain cytokines and other perturbants on human neutrophils. 145 95

Despite advances in intraoperative choledochoscopy and cholangiography, it is still common for bile duct stones to remain after common bile duct (CBD) exploration. The incidence of bile duct calculi in those undergoing cholecystectomy ranges from 7-15%, and that of retained stones immediately after CBD exploration, from 10-13%. Re-exploration carries a postoperative mortality varying from 3-28%. Treatment by T-tube flushing with heparinized saline, cholate or mono-octanoin is of limited value. Flushing with methyltertiarybutyl ether via a nasobiliary drain was recently reported to be successful in 80%, but confirmation of its efficacy and lack of toxicity is still pending. Continuous infusion via a nasobiliary tube of modified mono-octanoin alternating with EDTA solution may dissolve calcium bilirubin stones. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is successful in 95%. Extraction of CBD stones by either basket or balloon catheter is possible in 85-90% of cases at the time of endoscopic sphincterotomy. Large stones remaining are treated by mechanical lithotripsy with a success rate of 82%, which raises the overall success rate of endoscopic CBD stone extraction after endoscopic sphincterotomy to 97%. However, when stones exceed 25 mm in diameter, the success rate is lower. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) may damage the CBD wall because the exact site of spark discharge is under fluoroscopic, not direct endoscopic control. In the near future, applying EHL under direct vision via peroral cholangioscopy should decrease the hazards of this method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Nonsurgical treatment of bile duct stones]. 234 Oct 62

It is not uncommon to find large stones obstructing the bile duct in patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. In a series of 291 patients with cholangitis, 32 patients had stones more than 2 cm in diameter. Endoscopic extraction using a combination of large baskets, 1% EDTA flushing, and manual or mechanical lithotripsy allowed the common bile duct to be cleared in 50% of patients. Lack of space in the common bile duct to open the retrieval basket because of stone impaction was the major reason for failure.
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PMID:Endoscopic removal of large common bile duct stones in recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. 313 72

The hydrostatic pressures generated during controlled flushing of the mouse uterus increased at implantation and under conditions of uterine closure. These pressures may be responsible for inducing tissue damage during flushing. The possibility that samples collected by flushing might be contaminated with interstitial fluid or plasma was studied using intravenously administered 51Cr-labelled EDTA and 125I-labelled human serum albumin as markers. The presence of both tracers was detected in all flushings and was greatest in flushings from uteri with luminal closure and early implantation sites. These observations raise serious doubts about the validity of the flushing technique for analysing uterine luminal constituents in mice.
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PMID:The resistance of the mouse uterine lumen to flushing and possible contamination of samples by plasma and interstitial fluid. 642 58

A new gamma-labeled marker for extracellular space is the cobaltic form of 58Co-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (58Co-EDTA). The cobaltic ion has a much higher affinity for EDTA than the cobaltous ion; it is prepared as a potassium salt, K+(58Co3+-EDTA4-), and is apparently biologically inert. Testing by equilibration in intact rabbits and comparing the myocardial content with that of [14C]sucrose give values of the volume of distribution in the myocardium of 0.294 +/- 0.052 ml/g for 58Co-EDTA and 0.303 +/- 0.051 ml/g for [14C]sucrose (SD, n = 130, for two hearts), with the ratios of 58Co-EDTA/sucrose averaging 0.973 +/- 0.043 (n = 130). The average value of the extracellular fluid measured in isolated rabbit interventricular septum using Co-EDTA was 0.51 +/- 0.05 ml/g (SD, n = 16) and 0.46 +/- 0.04 ml/g using [14C]sucrose as an extracellular fluid space (ECF) marker. Flushing with a high concentration of nontracer Co-EDTA does not reveal any release from binding sites. The gamma-energy (811 KeV), long half-life (71.4 days), stability, and lack of binding to tissue components make 58Co-EDTA a useful marker for ECF.
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PMID:Synthesis and use of radio cobaltic EDTA as an extracellular marker in rabbit heart. 680 1

Mn++ complexed to DPDP (N,N'-dipyridoxylethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate-5,5'-bis(phosphate) generic name: mangafodipir), abbreviated MnDPDP, acts as an effective contrast enhancing agent for liver MRI. In clinical trials, a commonly reported side effect after i.v. administration of MnDPDP was facial flushing, most probably due to peripheral vasodilation. The present study was conducted to address possible mechanisms to explain the flushing effect. Nitric oxide is known to be stabilized in the presence of both uncomplexed and complexed Mn++ and this stabilization is probably due to the superoxide-scavenging properties of Mn++. The present study has demonstrated that both MnDPDP and MnCl2 relax phenylephrine precontracted bovine mesenteric artery strips in concentration-dependent manner. It was also found that a concentration of 10 microM MnDPDP, MnEDTA or MnCl2 gave approximately the same relaxation response as 0.1 microM acetylcholine. DPDP and EDTA had no appreciable intrinsic relaxation potential Mn(++)-induced relaxation was abolished when the endothelial layer was removed from the arteries. In addition, the Mn(++)-induced relaxation was attenuated by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-arginine and the putative superoxide anion generator 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione, but not by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Both N-nitro-arginine and 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione were found to induce an endothelium-dependent constriction of the bovine mesenteric artery strips. An approximately 2-fold increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic GMP was detected after the addition of 10 microM MnDPDP or 0.1 microM acetylcholine. The increase in cyclic GMP coincided with the onset of relaxation and was effectively abolished by pretreatment with N-nitro-arginine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mangafodipir (MnDPDP)-and MnCl2-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in bovine mesenteric arteries. 796 75

Acid/base titrations of pico- and femtoliter microsamples have been performed previously using a diffusional microburet (DMB) for reagent delivery in a simple droplet-heptane system (Gratzl, M.; Yi, C. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 2085-2088). The lowest delivery rate achieved with a DMB was about 6 fmol/s, which would correspond to about a 1 microL/year volumetric flow rate with a hypothetical equivalent mechanical delivery scheme (Yi, C.; Gratzl, M. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1976-1982). In this work, the feasibility of complexometric titrations in microscopic samples is explored. Stability of pH in the microdroplets required for different determinations and the effects of DMB shank geometry on titration characteristics are also studied. Diffusional microtitrations of Fe(III), Zn(II), and Cu(II) have been performed with EDTA. Xylenol orange and Eriochrome Black T provide clear color changes at the end point of the respective titrations, despite the microscopic size of the samples (between 16 and 1570 pL, corresponding to diameters between 30 and 144 microns). Random errors of the determinations relative to full scale were 6.6% for Fe(III), 5.8% for Cu(II), and 7.9% for Zn(II). The pH required for EDTA titrations of the individual metal ions stays stable in the acidic range. This makes the microscopic titration of a number of metal ions, such as Fe(III), Fe(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II), feasible in a simple droplet-heptane system without any modification. With a higher density of strongly alkaline buffer droplets (about 100 droplets/mm2) sprayed on the bottom of the Petri dish, or by flushing N2 above the heptane, the microscopic samples can also be kept alkaline despite ambient CO2 present. In this way, Zn(II) can also be titrated in microdroplets, requiring a pH around 10. This work renders it possible to perform a variety of complexometric titrations and other chemical manipulations in microdroplets even if they need to be kept alkaline. Similar titrations in single biological cells to assess intracellular buffer capacities of different metal ions, such as Ca(II) and Mg(II), are underway.
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PMID:Complexometric determination of metal ions by microscopic diffusional titration. 881 47

The analysis of hemodialysis (HD)-related bioincompatibility is focused mainly on phenomena observed in peripheral blood. However, since biocompatibility originates inside the dialyzer, white blood cells (WBC) adhering to the dialyzer are probably most subject to the influence of both dialyzer membrane and dialysate. In order to collect membrane-adherent cells, a reliable and reproducible elution technique was developed. After 3 h of HD, blood was returned to the patient with 0.9% NaCl. Then, dialyzers were eluted by recirculation of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS/3 mM EDTA for 20 min, with or without prior flushing with 200 ml PBS. Finally, remaining adherent cells were collected by an afterwash with 10% trypsin. These solutions, as well as blood samples, were analyzed for WBC count, viability and differentiation. Random eluate samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the influence of elution on PMN activation was tested in a separate control experiment. WBC numbers decreased by flushing before elution, whereas cell numbers were maximal after elution with PBS/3 mM EDTA (30 x 10(6)). Trypsin afterwash resulted in a further yield of 12 x 10(6) cells. The eluates contained 81% PMN (blood 68%, p < 0.01), with a degranulated appearance, and only 12% lymphocytes (blood 21%, p < 0.05); cell viability in the eluates was > 95%. The eluted cells could be analyzed by flow cytometry, and the procedure itself induced only minimal PMN activation. In conclusion, a maximal number of adherent cells, consisting mainly of PMN, was obtained by direct elution with PBS/3 mM EDTA. The method itself did not induce marked PMN activation, and the cells obtained were suitable for further investigations, including flow cytometry.
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PMID:Ex vivo elution of hemodialyzers. An additional criterion for the assessment of bioincompatibility. 891 71

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of enamel matrix proteins (EMD) on periodontal wound healing in degree III furcation defects in dogs. The experiment was performed in 5 foxhound dogs. 2 months prior to the start of the experiment, the 2nd and 4th lower premolars were extracted. Degree III furcation defects were created in the 3rd mandibular premolars (3P3). The furcation defects were subsequently exposed to reconstructive surgery. Buccal and lingual full thickness flaps were elevated in the lower premolar regions. The exposed root surfaces of the experimental teeth were planed. A notch was placed in the roots at the base of the defect. In one side of the mandible (Test group), phosphoric acid gel was applied over the root surfaces for 15 s. The acid was removed by flushing the root surfaces with sterile saline. Subsequently, a gel of EMD was applied to cover all instrumented root surfaces. Following gel application, a resorbable barrier membrane was adjusted to cover the buccal and lingual entrances of the furcation defect. The flaps were repositioned to cover the barrier and sutured. The contralateral premolar (Control group) received the same treatment, but acid etching was not performed and EMD was not applied prior to barrier installation. 4 months after reconstructive surgery, the animals were sacrificed and biopsies from the 3P3 regions harvested. The biopsies were placed in a fixative, demineralized in EDTA, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. 3 mesiodistal sections, representing the central portion of the furcation site, were selected for histological analysis of the defect. The furcation defects of both the Test and Control groups were clinically closed and were found to harbor bone and periodontal ligament tissue which appeared to be in structural continuity with a newly formed root cementum. The relative amounts of mineralized bone, bone marrow and periodontal ligament tissue that had formed were similar in the Test and the Control group. In the Test group, however, the cementum that had formed in the apical portion of the furcation defect was different from the corresponding tissue in the coronal portion, and also different from the cementum observed in the Control group. In the apical portion of the test defect a thin (12 microm) acellular cementum had been laid down, while in the coronal portion a thick (32 microm) cellular cementum, similar to the cementum found in the Control group, could be observed. The current observation, hence, seems to confirm that EMD when applied onto an instrumented and acid etched dentine surface may create an environment conducive for the formation of acellular cementum.
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PMID:GTR treatment of degree III furcation defects following application of enamel matrix proteins. An experimental study in dogs. 966 87


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