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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Canine kidneys, flushed with either Collins solution or autologous cryoprecipitated plasma, were then stored for 24 hr by either simple cold storage (submersion) in the flushing solution, or by continuous hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma. After autotransplantation without contralateral nephrectomy, detailed split renal function studies were carried out immediately as well as 2 and 7 days later. Measurements were made of inulin clearance, maximal transport of p-aminohippurate, reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and glucose, and the reabsorption of free water. Contralateral nephrectomy was performed 7 days after transplantation, following measurement of renal functions on that day, and plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured periodically over the ensuing 3 weeks. Renal function after transplantation was affected very little by the choice of flushing solution, and the course of azotemia that developed following contralateral nephrectomy was the same in all groups. However, the detailed functional measurements showed that during the 7-day period after transplantation, renal function was depressed to a much greater extent in kidneys treated by simple cold storage than in those that had been perfused.
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PMID:Function of autotransplanted kidneys after 24-hour preservation by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion or simple cord storage. 36 May 23

Certain (arylsulfonyl)urea hypoglycemic drugs exemplified by chlorpropamide (CP) are known to interact pharmacologically with alcohol (ethanol) to elicit a chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing (CPAF) reaction that is reminiscent of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DER). In the present structure-activity study, designed to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) by CP, we discovered that the N1-methoxy derivative of CP 2a was a potent inhibitor of AlDH in vivo similar in activity to that of the N1-ethyl derivative 2b. Both 2a and 2b can release n-propyl isocyanate, a known inhibitor of AlDH, nonenzymatically. However, (arylsulfonyl)carbamates that are structurally analogous to 2a were also active inhibitors of AlDH, whereas the corresponding (arylsulfonyl)carbamate analogs of 2b were uniformly without activity. We propose a mechanism of bioactivation of 2a and its analogs that involves initial O-demethylation followed by disproportionation and solvolysis of the intermediate formed to release nitroxyl, the putative inhibitor of AlDH.
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PMID:N1-hydroxylated derivatives of chlorpropamide and its analogs as inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase in vivo. 143 74

This study compared the function of reduced grafts prepared in situ or ex vivo and transplanted immediately or after 4 hr of cold storage. Measurements of acid/base balance, plasma electrolytes, albumin, and urea showed no differences between groups. There was no difference between the increase and decline of plasma AST in recipients of grafts transplanted immediately after either ex vivo or in situ reduction; the increase in plasma AST of recipients of stored grafts was up to 10-fold and persisted until the end of the study at 7 days, with some decline. Plasma fibrinogen decreased intraoperatively but levels were restored within 24 hr in all groups; plasma prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were not significantly disturbed. The patterns of decline and return of tissue adenine nucleotides were similar in all groups. While the regenerative response measured by tissue thymidine kinase and mitotic figures was not different between the groups, comparison with results from a group of partially hepatectomized animals showed a 3-4-fold depression in response in reduced liver grafts. The contributions of the effects of ischemia, flushing, and preservation to the depressed regenerative response of reduced liver grafts need to be determined. The present studies suggest however, that with regard to functional assessment, results are not affected either by ex vivo or in situ reduction of the graft, or by cold storage for 4 hr.
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PMID:Ex vivo versus in situ resection of segmental liver grafts in pigs--a comparison in immediate and four-hour-stored grafts. 158 63

Enteral feedings are safely tolerated by most patients. When complications occur, gastrointestinal disturbances are most frequently encountered, followed by mechanical and metabolic complications. Nurses can prevent many of the problems associated with enteral feeding through careful monitoring. Based on the current literature, the authors make the following recommendations: 1. All patients receiving tube feedings should be placed on a protocol that provides guidelines for (a) confirming correct tube placement; (b) preventing/managing tube obstruction; (c) handling and selecting formulas; (d) administering formulas; and (e) monitoring patients. 2. Fine-bore tubes are easily misplaced or dislodged; ensure correct positioning both before and during feeding. Food coloring should be added to all feedings to help detect aspiration/tube displacement. 3. Multiple factors can cause diarrhea in tube-fed patients and, therefore, require periodic assessment. These factors include concomitant drug therapy; malnutrition/hypoalbuminemia; formula-related factors (for example, lactose content, osmolality); and bacterial contamination. 4. Urine sugar and acetone levels should be checked every 6 hours (until stable). Vital signs and fluid intake and output should be determined every 8 hours, and weight should be measured on a daily basis. Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose levels should be determined daily, until serum levels stabilize. Weekly measurements of trace elements should be made to ensure adequate mineral replacement. 5. Use a controller pump to administer continuous feedings at a constant rate or to administer formulas that are viscous. Flush feeding tubes with water every 4 hours during continuous feedings, after giving intermittent feedings, after giving medications, and after checking for gastric residuals. If tube obstruction occurs, attempt to irrigate the tube with either water or cola. 6. Select feedings that contain appropriate nutrient sources, caloric density, and osmolality; handle feedings in a way that minimizes bacterial contamination. 7. Ongoing nutritional assessments are necessary to provide information about the overall adequacy of the enteral feeding in restoring or maintaining nutrition.
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PMID:Enteral nutrition. Potential complications and patient monitoring. 249 46

A novel, colorimetric method using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) in tandem with membrane filtration is described for the determination of death rates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) due to microbiocides. This method enables results to be obtained on the same day in contrast to the 18 h required by the accepted aerobic plate count method. The microbiocides investigated were the preservatives 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (Bronopol), N-(hydroxymethyl)-N-(1,3-dihydroxymethyl-2,5- dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)-N'-(hydroxymethyl)-urea (Germall II), phenethyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. D values (time required per log reduction of E coli) were determined by this method, and equations relating the D values to preservative concentrations were derived [i.e., eta values (the logarithmic values relating changes in rates of kill for specified changes in concentration) and A values (extrapolated D values at 1% concentration) were determined]. these equations are compared with those previously published using the accepted aerobic plate count method. The potential advantages of this method are that it has a broad range of application as TTC is reduced by a wide variety of microbes; the test is easily done; results can be achieved in one day; dead cells do not cause interference; test sensitivity can be increased by increasing the length of incubation time or by using membrane filtration in tandem with TTC reduction; and preservative inactivation may be achieved by filtration and flushing with an inactivator, or by adding neutralizers to the TTC broth.
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PMID:2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a novel tool in germicide dynamics. 353 77

The practice of multiple use of membrane plasmafilters was examined in six patients receiving intermittent or regular plasmapheresis treatment. The plasmafilters were cleaned by flushing and ultrafiltration using positive pressure in the blood and filtrate compartments of the plasmafilter. Twenty-six plasmafilters were studied and the membrane permeability characteristics were examined during 56 plasmapheresis treatments with reused plasmafilters. The clearances of nitrogen urea and creatinine, and the sieving coefficients of albumin and immunoglobulins remained unchanged with the reuse of plasmafilters. The practice is safe, efficient, and can contribute to cost containment in plasmapheresis treatment.
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PMID:Multiple use of plasmafilters. 368 Jan 96

389 Ossimi ewes were given 45 days of flushing treatment with different protein levels (100%, 125%, and 150%) and different sources of protein (plant protein, fish meal, and urea) during a period of two years three weeks each before a mating season and with three breedings during that time. At high protein levels and application of plant protein higher live weight increases were achieved during the flushing period. The reproduction performance was not influenced. The conception rate improved with increasing protein treatments. Plant protein treatments gave better results in the conception rate, twinnings and lambings. September proved a better month for mating than did January and May. There was no significant influence of the age and the live weight of the ewes on the daily body weight gain and the reproductive performance of the ewes. Only the rate of twinning increased significantly with increasing live weight.
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PMID:Flushing treatments of subtropical ewes bred three times each within two years. 662 32

Urea adsorption on active carbon is reversible and temperature-dependent. Urea adsorption isotherms of different carbons were determined at 0 degrees C and 65 degrees C within the equilibrium concentration range of 1.0-3.4 gm/L. At low urea concentrations considerable differences (3.4-13.0 gm/kg carbon at concentrations of 1.0 gm/L) were found between different types of activated carbon. The overall internal surface area was of minor importance compared to the pore size distribution. Adsorbing at low temperature, desorbing at high temperature, and flushing the carbon adsorber with a limited volume of the liquid to be purified yielded an "artificial urine." Compared to the original urea concentration of the filtrate, this "artificial urine" had an increased urea concentration. From a 36-liter volume containing 90 grams urea dissolved in saline, 18 liters were recirculated at a flow rate of 100 ml/min. The influence of adsorption and desorption time intervals was evaluated. After one to one and a half hours the carbon was saturated with urea. After saturation, about 1.4 grams urea were eliminated per cycle. In the "artificial urine" urea concentrations of up to 4.5 gm/L were found when the original solution contained only 2.5 gm/L. In the "patient" volume the urea concentration decreased from 2.5 gm/L to 1.9-2.1 gm/L. Within three hours a total of 22 grams of urea was removed by 3 x 120 grams activated carbon corresponding to removal of 50% of the urea passing the "artificial tubulus." The advantage of this system is that after priming, no additional physiological solution would be necessary. The necessity of excessive safety controls, additional electrolyte adjustment, energy demand in the form of direct current, and great amounts of waste in solid form lead to the conclusion that for intermittent hemofiltration treatment, commercially produced and controlled infusion solution is preferable.
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PMID:Urea elimination using a cold activated-carbon artificial tubulus for hemofiltration. 732 76

Tissue injury following reperfusion represents an essential problem of reconstructive vascular surgery. Pathogenetically toxic oxygen radicals are considered to play a pivotal role. Pharmacotherapeutical approaches are based particularly on antioxidants and vasodilators. However, a standardized regimen is not yet clinically introduced. In 48 adult Lewis-rats lower limb ischemia was induced by aortal cross-clamping. Following 3.5 hours of ischemia intravascular flushing perfusion via the distal aorta with a heparinized electrolyte solution (group B). Group C received additionally oxypurinol, group D alprostadil and group E sodium selenite into the flushing solution. At 4 hours recirculation was established. After 10 min, 30 min and 24 hours of reperfusion we determined lactate, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, malondialdehyde and the laser Doppler flux. At the end of the experiments biopsies were taken from M. tibialis anterior. In comparison to control animals (group A) we observed an attenuation of reperfusion injury in the groups treated with flushing perfusion. Free oxygen radical reactions measured by malondialdehyde release were significantly reduced (30 min: A-209.1 +/- 45.4, B-127.3 +/- 36.9, C-113.2 +/- 14.1, D-99.6 +/- 24.5, E-123.6 +/- 11.2 mmol/l, p < 0.05). The laser Doppler flux measurements corresponded with the biochemical analyses (30 min: A-52.4 +/- 11.1, B-48.0 +/- 11.0, C-72.6 +/- 12.0, D-74.4 +/- 13.3, E-62.6 +/- 10.8% of baseline). Histologically, treatment with alprostadil (PGE1) and oxypurinol revealed superior results. Standardized intraarterial flushing perfusion with antioxidants and vasodilators reduces reperfusion injury. Clinical trials are urgently required to confirm the experimental findings and to optimize the therapy of extremity ischemia/reperfusion injury in humans.
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PMID:[Controlled reperfusion of ischemic extremity musculature to prevent free radical induced lesions]. 1035 90

1. The effect of washing out the caecal contents on nitrogen utilisation and nitrogen excretion were examined in Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels fed on a 50 g/kg protein diet supplemented with urea. 2. Flushing out the caecal contents with saline in caecally ligated chickens produced a significantly increased nitrogen balance and increased nitrogen utilisation (P<0.05). 3. Washing out the caecal contents significantly decreased uric acid excretion but the treatment had no effect on urea and ammonia excretion. 4. Caecal bacterial contents were significantly decreased by caecal ligation and decreased further by washing out the caecal contents. 5. It is concluded that nitrogen metabolism in chickens is affected by possible changes in caecal fermentation produced by preventing substances from urine and digesta from entering the caeca.
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PMID:Effect of removal of caecal contents on nitrogen utilisation and nitrogen excretion in caecally ligated chickens fed on a low protein diet supplemented with urea. 1082 25


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