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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The salinity levels of wastewater and sludge are relatively high in some coastal cities as they may use saline water for toilet flushing, and as such,the sludge dewaterability can be affected by it. The salinity effect on sludge dewaterability was therefore investigated through experimental testing of specific resistance in filtration (SRF), time to filter (TTF), and final solid content of sludge. SRF and TTF were determined using Buchner funnel tests. The final solid content was estimated by centrifuging the sludge at four levels of rotational speed. Sludge with three salinity levels (5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 ppm) were considered in this study. Coagulants such as alum, iron(II) sulfate, and organic polyelectrolytes were added to the sludgetostudythe dewaterability of such sludge with chemical conditioning. Experimental results show that doubling the salinity level of the sludge from 10,000 to 20,000 ppm shows not much change in SRF and TTF. Compared with the sludge without chemical conditioning, the addition of the coagulants to the sludge at a salinity level of 5,000 ppm drastically reduces its SRF and TTF. However, sludge with and without chemical conditioning at a salinity of 20,000 ppm has similar SRF and TTF. The final solid content of sludge increases almost linearly with salinity. Among the coagulants used in this study, the cationic polyelectrolyte is found to be better in improving sludge dewaterability, while iron(II) sulfate performs slightly better in enhancing the final solid content of the sludge.
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PMID:Salinity effect on mechanical dewatering of sludge with and without chemical conditioning. 1177 Jul 73

A new micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) procedure has been developed that allows the use of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) together with separation buffers at pHs as low as 1. The technique is based on the employment of a high molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI)-coated capillary that provides strong cathodal electroosmotic flows at acidic pHs when SDS is added to the running buffer. The procedure is easy to implement since the capillary coating is done by just flushing a PEI aqueous solution through the capillary and the subsequent steps are the same as those for any MEKC protocol. Moreover, the coating renewal provides reproducible separations between injections (migration time RSD values lower than 1.82 and 3.44% were obtained for the same day and three different days, respectively). The good possibilities of this system are demonstrated by showing the separation of a group of eight polyphenolic compounds within a separation time shorter than 2 min. This procedure allows one to extend the optimization of SDS-MEKC separations to the very acidic pH range too.
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PMID:Ultrafast sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar electrokinetic chromatography with very acidic running buffers. 1179 4

The impact of surfactants on naphthalene and phenanthrene biodegradation and vice versa after surfactant flushing were evaluated using two anionic surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS); and two nonionic surfactants: POE (20) sorbitan monooleate (T-maz-80) and octylphenol poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol (CA-620). Naphthalene and phenanthrene biodegradation varied differently in the presence of different surfactants. Naphthalene biodegradation was not impacted by the presence of SDS. In the presence of T-maz-80 and CA-620, naphthalene biodegradation occurred at a lower rate (0.14 d(-1) for T-maz-80 and 0.19 d(-1) for CA-620) as compared to un-amended control (0.29 d(-1)). Naphthalene biodegradation was inhibited by the presence of SDBS. In the presence of SDS, phenanthrene biodegradation occurred at a lower rate (0.10 d(-1) as compared to un-amended control of 0.17 d(-1)) and the presence of SDBS, CA-620 and T-maz-80 inhibited phenanthrene biodegradation. The surfactants also responded differently to the presence of naphthalene and phenanthrene. In the presence of naphthalene, SDS biodegradation was inhibited; SDBS and T-maz-80 depleted at a lower rate (0.41 d(-1) and 0.12 d(-1) as compared to 0.48 d(-1) and 0.22 d(-1)). In the absence of naphthalene, CA-620 was not degradable, while in the presence of naphthalene, CA-620 began to degrade at a comparatively low rate (0.12 d(-1)). In the presence of phenanthrene, SDS biodegradation occurred at a lower rate (1.2 d(-1) as compared to 1.68 d(-1)) and a similar trend was observed for T-maz-80. The depletion of SDBS and CA-620 did not change significantly. The choice of SDS for naphthalene-contaminated sites would not adversely affect the natural attenuation of naphthalene, in addition, naphthalene was preferentially utilized to SDS by naphthalene-acclimated microorganisms. Therefore, SDS was the best choice. T-maz-80 was also found to be usable in naphthalene-contaminated sites. For phenanthrene contaminated sites, SDS was the only choice.
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PMID:Naphthalene, phenanthrene and surfactant biodegradation. 1205 49

In this work the development of a process for the recovery of copper from contaminated industrial soils is presented. Experimental tests on a standard soil contaminated with a solution of copper chloride were carried out. The metal was extracted from the contaminated soil by flushing with a 0.1 M aqueous solution of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) sodium salt. A maximum copper extraction efficiency of about 60% was observed. Copper was then separated from the extracted solution by precipitation with sodium hydroxide after addition of ferric sulfate.
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PMID:Recovery of copper from contaminated soil by flushing. 1242 49

The potential for using polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to provide chromatographic functionality on continuous silica networks created from sol-gel chemistry has been evaluated by capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Construction of the PEM was achieved by flushing the column with polyelectrolytes of alternative charge, with variation of the properties of the exposed polyelectrolyte providing a unique means to vary the chromatographic surface. Variation of the exposed polyelectrolyte from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) to dextran sulfate (DS) allowed the direction of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) to be changed and also provided a means to vary the chromatographic capacity. Variation of negative polymer from DS to poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) significantly altered the EOF and the migration of peptides, with both the reversed-phase and ion-exchange capacities increasing. An alternative method for changing the column capacity was to change the thickness of the PEM, which was evaluated by anion-exchange CEC. A 70-80% increase in retention was observed for all anions without any increase in EOF suggesting significant penetration of the analytes through the PEM and interaction with buried charges within the PEM.
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PMID:Towards a microchip-based chromatographic platform. Part 2: sol-gel phases modified with polyelectrolyte multilayers for capillary electrochromatography. 1270 20

This work studies the effectiveness of a process proposed for the recovery of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and metal precipitation from soil flushing solutions. Two series of experimental tests were carried out on two samples of a soil artificially contaminated with copper or lead. The metals were extracted from the soil by flushing with a 0.05 M aqueous solution of EDTA sodium salt (E-Na(2)). Cu or Pb extraction efficiencies of about 95 and 98% were observed, respectively. The two extracted solutions were then treated to obtain EDTA recovery and metal precipitation from the aqueous solution. EDTA recovery was achieved in two steps. An initial evaporation treatment lead to reduce the solution volume by about 75%. This was followed by the acidification of the residue solution, which precipitated more than 93% of the used EDTA. The precipitated EDTA was removed by filtration, and was suitable for reuse after adding an alkaline agent. Metal precipitation from the filtered solution was performed using two different methods: an almost total (99.5%) Pb precipitation in alkaline conditions was achieved after complex destabilization through the sequential addition of ferric ions and sodium phosphate, while 93.6% copper precipitation was achieved with ferrous sulfate as a destabilization agent.
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PMID:Recovery of EDTA and metal precipitation from soil flushing solutions. 1456 3

The Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) technology was evaluated at a former dry cleaner site in Jacksonville, FL, where an area of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contamination was identified. The SERB technology is a treatmenttrain approach for complete site restoration, which combines an active in situ dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) removal technology, cosolvent extraction, with a passive enhanced in situ bioremediation technology, reductive dechlorination. During the in situ cosolvent extraction test, approximately 34 kL of 95% ethanol/5% water (v:v) was flushed through the contaminated zone, which removed approximately 60% of the estimated PCE mass. Approximately 2.72 kL of ethanol was left in the subsurface, which provided electron donorfor enhancement of biological processes in the source zone and downgradient areas. Quarterly groundwater monitoring for over 3 yr showed decreasing concentrations of PCE in the source zone from initial values of 4-350 microM to less than 150 microM during the last sampling event. Initially there was little to no daughter product formation in the source zone, but after 3 yr, measured concentrations were 242 microM for cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), 13 microM for vinyl chloride, and 0.43 microM for ethene. In conjunction with the production of dissolved methane and hydrogen and the removal of sulfate, these measurements indicate that in situ biotransformations were enhanced in areas exposed to the residual ethanol. First-order rate constants calculated from concentration data for individual wells ranged from -0.63 to -2.14 yr(-1) for PCE removal and from 0.88 to 2.39 yr(-1) for cis-DCE formation. First-order rate constants based on the change in total mass estimated from contour plots of the groundwater concentration data were 0.75 yr(-1) for cis-DCE, -0.50 yr(-1) for PCE, and -0.33 yr(-1) for ethanol. Although these attenuation rate constants include additional processes, such as sorption, dispersion, and advection, they provide an indication of the overall system dynamics. Evaluation of the groundwater data from the former dry cleaner site showed that cosolvent flushing systems can be designed and utilized to aid in the enhancement of biodegradation processes at DNAPL sites.
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PMID:Field evaluation of the solvent extraction residual biotreatment technology. 1462 Aug 36

The performance of capillaries coated with a poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) monolayer or poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-poly(styrenesulfonate) bilayer was investigated and compared under micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) conditions. Both monolayer (positively charged) and bilayer (negatively charged) coatings with micellar (sodium dodecyl sulfate) electrolyte generated very stable and pH-independent cathodal electroosmotic flow (EOF). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that in a doubly coated capillary the second poly(styrenesulfonate) layer is replaced by sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles during flushing with micellar electrolyte. Consequently, in order to obtain a stable and pH-independent cathodal electroosmotic flow for the MEKC separations, the capillary coating with the second polyanion layer is not necessary. The importance of the PDADMA coating was illustrated by comparing MEKC separations of the common developing agents (hydroquinone, phenidone, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol and quinone) on a bare uncoated capillary with the coated capillary. The coating provides reproducible MEKC separations at low pH (pH 3.0) with relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values for migration times and peak areas lower than 0.45 and 3.3%, respectively. Good linearities in the range from 5 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) were obtained for all five compounds, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.998. The detection limits were in the range from 5 x 10(-6) mol l(-1) for pyrocatechol to 2 x 10(-5) mol l(-1) for quinone. The proposed MEKC system was applied to the determination of hydroquinone and phenidone in X-ray photographic developer solutions.
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PMID:Micellar electrokinetic chromatography at low pH with polyelectrolyte-coated capillaries. 1529 6

We investigated whether atropine sulfate was an effective, non-surgical method for treating hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). The study group consisted of 5 patients, all of the patients presented with projectile vomiting. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was diagnosed based on abdominal sonographic findings. The age when symptom arose was 30.8 +/- 15.5 (mean +/- SD) days, the age upon admission was 43.2 +/- 9.6 days. The frequency of vomiting was 5.8 +/- 2.3 times per day. After admission, all patients received 10% atropine sulfate 0.01 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) for 5 minutes q4H (every four hours) before each feeding. Formular milk was started and increased by 10 ml every feeding until full feeding (120 ml/kg/day) was achieved. When vomiting had ceased for a period of one day, i.v. atropine was changed to 0.02 mg/kg oral q4H before each feeding. The patient was hospitalized until full feeding was maintained for more than 2 days. Then oral atropine was tapered by half a dose every 2 weeks. Oral atropine was continued until the thickness of the pyloric muscle had normalized (< 3.5 mm). All five patients were successfully treated with atropine sulfate. The frequency of vomiting was reduced to less than two times per day (1.8 +/- 1.3 days). i.v. atropine was used for 6.4 +/- 3.4 days, and the oral form was used for 30 +/- 9 days. The total number of days of atropine sulfate treatment was 36.4 +/- 9.58 days. Full feeding was achieved at 8 +/- 5.3 days. The hospitalization was 14.6 +/- 6.2 days. The body weight when admitted was 4000 +/- 760.8 gm and the body weight when discharged was 4282 +/- 901 gm. The body weight one month after treatment was 5210 +/- 772.5 gm. The body weight gain one month after atropine treatment was 1262 +/- 441.4 gm. Body weigh range on admission was from <3rd to 25th percentile, and after one month of atropine treatment, the body weight range was from 10th to 75th percentile. Complications included transiently elevated heart rates (180-200 times/min) in two patients and facial flushing after the first dose of IV atropine in one patient. In conclusion, conservative treatment with initially IV atropine in the initial stages instead of oral atropine sulfate is an effective alternative to pyloromyotomy, particularly in infants with major concurrent disease or when parents are unwilling to let their infants undergo surgery. Surgical intervention is not always necessary.
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PMID:Medical treatment with atropine sulfate for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. 1549 31

With increased application of co-solvent flushing technologies for removal of nonaqueous phase liquids from groundwater aquifers, concern over the effects of the solvent on native microorganisms and their ability to degrade residual contaminant has also arisen. This study assessed the impact of ethanol flushing on the numbers and activity potentials of trichloroethylene (TCE)-degrading microbial populations present in aquifer soils taken immediately after and 2 years after ethanol flushing of a former dry cleaners site. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed soluble methane monooxygenase genes in methanotrophic enrichments, and 16S rRNA analysis identified Methylocystis parvus with 98% similarity, further indicating the presence of a type II methanotroph. Dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes in sulfate-reducing enrichments prepared were also observed. Ethanol flushing was simulated in columns packed with uncontaminated soils from the dry cleaners site that were dosed with TCE at concentrations observed in the field; after flushing, the columns were subjected to a continuous flow of 500 pore volumes of groundwater per week. Total acridine orange direct cell counts of the flushed and nonflushed soils decreased over the 15-week testing period, but after 5 weeks, the flushed soils maintained higher cell counts than the nonflushed soils. Inhibition of methanogenesis by sulfate reduction was observed in all column soils, as was increasing removal of total methane by soils incubated under methanotrophic conditions. These results showed that impacts of ethanol were not as severe as anticipated and imply that ethanol may mitigate the toxicity of TCE to the microorganisms.
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PMID:Impacts of co-solvent flushing on microbial populations capable of degrading trichloroethylene. 1562 48


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