Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of oviductal proteins obtained from various stages of the estrous cycle on spermatozoa characteristics in buffaloes. Oviducts were collected from apparently healthy buffalo genital tracts (nonluteal and luteal stage of estrous cycle) and separated into isthmus and ampulla. Each segment of oviduct (nonluteal and luteal) was flushed with PBS (pH 7.4). The flushing obtained was centrifuged (3000 rpm; 30 min), filtered (0.2 microm) and frozen at -20 degrees C. The proteins in pooled nonluteal isthmic and ampullary and luteal isthmic and ampullary fluids were precipitated overnight using ammonium sulphate, centrifuged (10000 rpm; 30 min) and dialyzed (>10 kDa). After protein estimation, aliquots of samples containing 10 mg proteins were lyophilized in cryovials and stored in frozen form at -20 degrees C. Six pooled good-quality ejaculates collected by artificial vagina method from two Murrah buffalo bulls were utilized for the study. After fresh semen analysis, each pooled ejaculate was splited into five parts and extended in Tris-egg yolk-citrate extender (20% egg yolk; 7% glycerol), so that final dilution yielded approximately 60 million sperm cells per ml, and cryopreserved in 0.5 ml French straws (30 million sperm cells/straw) in LN(2) (-196 degrees C). Before freezing, nonluteal isthmic and ampullary and luteal isthmic and ampullary proteins were incorporated at the rate of 1mg/ml of extended semen. The equilibrated and frozen-thawed (37 degrees C for 30 s) semen was evaluated for motility, live %, acrosomal integrity percentage, bovine cervical mucus penetration test and hypo-osmotic sperm swelling test. Besides this, spermatozoa from treatment and control groups were incubated at 37 degrees C for 6 h in sperm TALP. Among the nonluteal and luteal oviductal proteins, the former maintained higher (P < 0.05) post-thaw sperm motility, live %, and acrosomal integrity than the control group. Between the isthmic and ampullary proteins, the isthmic proteins incorporated group maintained higher (P < 0.05) post-thaw sperm motility, live %, and acrosomal integrity. Similarly, higher sperm penetration distance in cervical mucus was recorded in nonluteal isthmic proteins incorporated group. But, irrespective of the stage of an estrous cycle, isthmic proteins included group maintains higher sperm membrane integrity as revealed by higher (P < 0.05) swollen sperm percentage in response to hypo-osmotic solution than the ampullary proteins included and control groups. Similarly, at any time during incubation the sperm motility and viability was higher (P < 0.05) in isthmic proteins treated group than the ampullary and control group. But, the same trend was not observed in terms of acrosomal integrity percentages. It is inferred that inclusion of oviductal proteins in the extender prior to freezing improved post-thaw semen quality. Oviductal proteins differentially affected sperm function depending upon the region of oviduct and the stage of estrous cycle at which the proteins were obtained.
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PMID:Modulation of post-thaw sperm functions with oviductal proteins in buffaloes. 1595 Apr 8

A dual-layer ion-exchange latex-coated column was prepared and characterised for on-capillary preconcentration of cations using an open-tubular ion-exchange CEC format. After preconcentration, the analyte cations were eluted with a transient isotachophoretic gradient and separated by CE. The latex double layer was established by first coating the negatively charged wall of the capillary with a layer of cationic quaternary ammonium anion-exchange Dionex AS5A latex particles (60 nm diameter), and then coating a layer of anionic sulphonated cation-exchange Dionex CS3 latex particles (300 nm diameter) onto the underlying AS5A layer. The adhesion of layers is based on electrostatic attractions. Several dual-layer capillaries were characterised for their EOF and ion-exchange capacity and this showed that coatings could be prepared reproducibly by a simple flushing procedure. The dual-layer columns exhibited a moderate, pH-independent EOF (ca. 26 x 10(-9 )m2V(-1)s(-1)) and an ion-exchange capacity of 57 microequiv./g (or 2.69 nequiv./column). Using an 8 cm length of coated capillary combined with a 72 cm length of untreated capillary, a method for on-line preconcentration and separation of monovalent organic bases, alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions by CE was developed. Recoveries for the preconcentration step were 48% for 4-methylbenzylammonium, 43% for benzylammonium, 30-32% for alkali metal ions and 71-75% for alkaline earth cations. In all cases, recoveries were reproducible with RSDs being less than 6.2%. The influences of the ion-exchange selectivity coefficient of the analyte and the sample-loading rate on analyte recovery were also examined. The proposed method was utilised for the determination of alkaline earth cations and low microM detection limits were obtained.
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PMID:Preparation and characterisation of dual-layer latex-coated columns for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic preconcentration of cations combined in-line with their separation by capillary electrophoresis. 1652 57

The determination of perfluorooctanoate (PFO) in articles of commerce has become increasingly important to understand if treated products are a possible source of PFO. An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of PFO in paper and textile using a dual labeled 13C-PFOA internal standard was successfully developed and validated. Residues of PFO were determined using an isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with an ammonium acetate/methanol buffer. Ions monitored were 413 (parent) and 369 (daughter) for PFO and 415 (parent) and 370 (daughter) for dual labeled 13C-PFOA internal standard. As a precaution against ubiquitous PFO that occasionally occurs in mobile phase or instrument components, two Hypercarb cartridges (4 mm) were placed before the HPLC injector. Any PFO that was captured by the cartridges was removed before each injection by flushing the system with 100% methanol prior to equilibration with the isocratic mobile phase. Overall recovery and standard deviation over a 3 day validation regimen for samples (n=54-55) fortified with PFOA at 5, 50, and 200 ng g(-1) were 114+/-4.9% for textile and 110+/-7.6% for paper. The results also established a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ng g(-1) in textile and 2 ng g(-1) in paper based upon S/N of the 5.0 ng g(-1) fortification versus the untreated paper and textile.
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PMID:A method for the low-level (ng g(-1)) determination of perfluorooctanoate in paper and textile by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. 1681 6

Sludge liquor from the sludge dewatering process has a high ammonia content. In the present study, a lab-scale electrochemical (EC) system with a pair of Ti electrode plates was used for treating the sludge centrate liquor of digested wastewater sludge with a NH4(+) - N content of around 500 mg/L. The sludge liquor had a high salinity due to seawater being used for toilet flushing in Hong Kong. The results show that the EC process is highly effective for denitrification of the saline sludge liquor. Complete nitrogen removal could be achieved within 1 hr or so. The rate of EC denitrification increased with the current intensity applied. The best current efficiency for nitrogen removal was obtained for a gap distance between the electrodes at 8 mm. Electro-chlorination was considered to be the major mechanism of EC denitrification. The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) appeared to be minimal with the total trihalomethanes (THM) detected at a level of 300 microg/L or lower. The power consumption for EC denitrification was around 23 kWh/kg N. Additional electro-flocculation with a pair of iron needle electrodes could enhance the flocculation and subsequent sedimentation of colloidal organics in the sludge liquor, increasing the organic removal from less than 30% to more than 70%. Therefore, the EC process including both electro-denitrification and electro-flocculation can be developed as the most cost-effective method for treatment of the saline sludge liquor.
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PMID:Nitrogen removal from the saline sludge liquor by electrochemical denitrification. 1716 26

The factors controlling spatial and temporal patterns in soil solution and streamwater chemistry are highly uncertain in northern hardwood forest ecosystems in the northeastern United States, where concentrations of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in streams have surprisingly declined over recent decades in the face of persistent high rates of atmospheric Nr deposition and aging forests. Reactive nitrogen includes inorganic species (e.g., ammonium [NH4+], nitrate [NO3-]) and some organic forms (e.g., amino acids) available to support the growth of plants and microbes. The objective of this study was to examine controls on the spatial and temporal patterns in the concentrations and fluxes of nitrogen (N) species and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a 12-year record of soil solutions and streamwater along an elevational gradient (540-800 m) of a forested watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA. Dissolved organic N and DOC concentrations were elevated in the high-elevation spruce-fir-white birch (SFB) zone of the watershed, while NO3- was the dominant N species in the lower elevation hardwood portion of the watershed. Within the soil profile, N retention was centered in the mineral horizon, and significant amounts of N were retained between the lower mineral soil and the stream, supporting the idea that near- and in-stream processes are significant sinks for N at the HBEF. Temporal analysis suggested that hydrologic flow paths can override both abiotic and biotic retention mechanisms (i.e., during the non-growing season when most hydrologic export occurs, or during years with high rainfall), there appears to be direct flushing of N from the organic horizons into the stream via horizontal flow. Significant correlations between soil NO3- concentrations, nitrification rates and streamwater NO3- exports show the importance of biological production as a regulator of inorganic N export. The lack of internal production response (e.g., mineralization, nitrification) to a severe ice storm in 1998 reinforces the idea that plant uptake is the dominant regulator of export response to disturbance.
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PMID:Dynamics of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon at the Hubbard brook experimental forest. 1753 2

This study concerns effects on water-borne lead from combinations of chlorine (CL) or chloramines (CA) with fluosilicic acid (FSA) or sodium fluoride (NaF). CL is known to corrode brass, releasing lead from plumbing devices. It is known that CA and CL in different ratios with ammonia (NH) mobilize copper from brass, which we have found also enhances elution of lead from leaded brass alloys. Phase I involved leaded-brass 1/4 in. elbows pre-conditioned in DI water and soaked in static solutions containing various combinations of CL, CA, FSA, NaF, and ammonium fluosilicate. In Phase II 20 leaded-brass alloy water meters were installed in pipe loops. After pre-conditioning the meters with 200 flushings with 1.0 ppm CL water, seven different solutions were pumped for a period of 6 weeks. Water samples were taken for lead analysis three times per week after a 16-h stagnation period. In the static testing with brass elbows, exposure to the waters with CA+50% excess NH3+FSA, with CA and ammonium fluosilicate, and with CA+FSA resulted in the highest estimated lead concentrations. In the flow-through brass meter tests, waters with CL+FSA, with CL+NaF, and with CL alone produced the highest average lead concentration for the first 3-week period. Over the last 3 weeks the highest lead concentrations were produced by CL+NaF, followed by CL alone and CA+NH3+FSA. Over the first test week (after CL flushing concentrations were increased from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm) lead concentrations nearly doubled (from about 100 to nearly 200 ppb), but when FSA was also included, lead concentrations spiked to over 900 ppb. Lead concentrations from the CL-based waters appeared to be decreasing over the study period, while for the CA+NH3+FSA combination, lead concentrations seemed to be increasing with time.
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PMID:Effects of fluoridation and disinfection agent combinations on lead leaching from leaded-brass parts. 1769 14

Adsorption of Tween 80 on sand was investigated, and the effect of inorganic salts (CaCl2), anionic surfactant (SDS) and lignosulphonates (sodium lignosulphonate or ammonium lignosulphonate) on the adsorption of Tween 80 on sand were evaluated at 25 degrees C. The results show that saturated adsorption amount of Tween 80 on sand enhance when CaCl2 or SDS is added into flushing solution of Tween 80. And the adsorption of Tween 80 on sand increase with the increase of molar fraction of CaCl2 or SDS in mixed flushing solution. And adsorption amount of Tween 80 on sand also enhance when SDS is added into sand firstly. The effects of mixing ratios and addition order of lignosulphonates on adsorption of Tween 80 were considered. The results show that with the increase of molar fraction of lignosulphonates in mixing flushing solution, adsorption amount of Tween 80 on sand decrease. The adsorption amount of Tween 80 reduce 20%-75% due to the exist of ammonium lignosulphonate is superior to sodium lignosulphonate (10%-60%) when mix the lignosulphonates-Tween 80 at the total mass ratios of 1:10, while the adsorption amount of Tween 80 reduce 70%-90% at the total mass ratios of 1:2. Lignosulphonates added into sand firstly is more efficient than that together. Therefore,use of lignosulphonates as a preflush can reduce the adsorption of surfactants on sand and is a better method to applied in in situ flushing.
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PMID:[Effect of concomitant substances and addition order on the adsorption of Tween 80 on sand]. 1883 96

A fully automatic membrane inlet mass spectrometric (MIMS) on-line instrumentation for the analysis of aroma compounds in continuous beer fermentation processes was constructed and tested. The instrumentation includes automatic filtration of the sample stream, flushing of all tubing between samples and pH control. The calibration standards can be measured periodically. The instrumentation has also an extra sample line that can be used for off-line sample collection or it can be connected to another on-line method. Detection limits for ethanol, acetic acid and eight organic beer aroma compounds were from mugl(-1) to low mgl(-1) levels and the standard deviations were less than 3.4%. The method has a good repeatability and linearity in the measurement range. Response times are shorter than or equal to 3min for all compounds except for ethyl caproate, which has a response time of 8min. In beer aroma compound analysis a good agreement between MIMS and static headspace gas chromatographic (HSGC) measurements was found. The effects of different matrix compounds commonly present in the fermentation media on the MIMS response to acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and ethanol were studied. Addition of yeast did not have any effect on the MIMS response of ethanol or ethyl acetate. Sugars, glucose and xylose, increased the MIMS response of all studied analytes only slightly, whereas salts, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride, increased the MIMS response of all three studied compounds prominently. The system was used for on-line monitoring of continuous beer fermentation with immobilised yeast. The results show that with MIMS it is possible to monitor the changes in the continuous process as well as delays in the two-phase process.
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PMID:On-line monitoring of continuous beer fermentation process using automatic membrane inlet mass spectrometric system. 1896 39

The first application of charged polymer-protected gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as semi-permanent capillary coating in CE-MS was presented. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) was the only reducing and stabilizing agent for Au NPs preparation. Stable and repeatable coating with good tolerance to 0.1 M HCl, methanol, and ACN was obtained via a simple rinsing procedure. Au NPs enhanced the coating stability toward flushing by methanol, improved the run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary repeatabilities, and improved the separation efficiency of heroin and its basic impurities for tracing geographical origins of illicit samples. Baseline resolution of eight heroin-related alkaloids was achieved on the PDDA-protected Au NPs-coated capillary under the optimum conditions: 120 mM ammonium acetate (pH 5.2) with addition of 13% methanol, separation temperature 20 degrees C, applied voltage -20 kV, and capillary effective length 60.0 cm. CE-MS analysis with run-to-run RSDs (n=5) of migration time in the range of 0.43-0.62% and RSDs (n=5) of peak area in the range of 1.49-4.68% was obtained. The established CE-MS method would offer sensitive detection and confident identification of heroin and related compounds and provide an alternative to LC-MS and GC-MS for illicit drug control.
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PMID:CE-MS analysis of heroin and its basic impurities using a charged polymer-protected gold nanoparticle-coated capillary. 1912 90

Bulk precipitation samplers, which are continuously open, also sample gases and particles deposited on the funnel surface. Wet-only samplers, which open only during precipitation, avoid this problem, but can be bulky (leading to disruption of air flow and droplet collection) and need electrical power. We describe here a simple battery-powered modification to a standard bulk sampler that allows the separate measurement of deposition to the funnel surface and wet deposition by washing the funnel surface when precipitation is detected. Comparison of this design with a standard bulk sampler over 3 months at a site in eastern Scotland showed that dry deposition to the funnel surface contributed around 20% of sulfate, 20-30% of nitrate and 20-40% of ammonium ions. There was also a significant loss of ammonium and nitrate in the modified sampler, presumably in the tubing, even though a biocide had been added to the sample bottles. This observation has implications for bulk samplers of similar design, with a sample bottle at ground level. Deposition of sea salts and calcium was greater to the flushing collectors than to the bulk collectors, implying that regular cleaning of funnel surfaces with 10% methanol solution subtly alters the capture efficiency for larger particles.
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PMID:Measurement of dry deposition to bulk precipitation collectors using a novel flushing sampler. 1921 93


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