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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of Synthetic Oviductal Fluid (SOF) and Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) to support sperm binding, sperm penetration and subsequent cell division of ovine tubal oocytes in vitro was evaluated. These media contained no protein, 3% (w/w) bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 20% (v/v) lamb serum (LS). Midventral laparotomies were performed on 49 ewes synchronized with progesterone and then superovulated, and tubal oocytes were collected by flushing the oviducts. Oocytes were pooled and randomly added to 2 X 10(7) ejaculated spermatozoa in 1 ml of treatment media that had been preincubated in tubes for 3 hr at 37 C under 5% CO2 in air. After an additional 3 hr of culture in a rotating tissue culture drum, oocytes were further cultured in microdrops of the same medium for 48 hr and observed for sperm penetration, cell division and fragmentation. Oocytes were then stained with aceto-orcein and observed for penetration, multiple nuclei and bound sperm. Percentage of oocytes showing penetration in SOF, SOF+ BSA, SOF+LS, MEM, MEM+BSA and MEM+LS was 14, 3.6, 7.8, 11.1, 8.7 and 12.8, respectively; percentage of oocytes cleaving was 8, 3.6, 5.9, 4.4, 4.3 and 4.3; percentage of oocytes fragmenting was 40, 60, 60.8, 20, 60.9 and 29.8, and the average number of sperm cells bound per oocyte was 82, 177, 117, 41, 56 and 47. No cell division was observed for control oocytes (no sperm added), but 72.7, 80 and 76.9% fragmented in SOF, SOF+BSA and SOF+LS, respectively. No difference was found among the media in their ability to support sperm penetration and subsequent cell division in vitro. All media tested supported a high incidence of sperm binding and oocyte fragmentation.
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PMID:Influence of culture media on in vitro fertilization of ovine tubal oocytes. 744 Apr 50

We describe herein a new experimental model in which an isolated rat lung was ventilated with a mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide to decrease the oxygen and increase the carbon dioxide in the perfused blood to create and maintain a gas composition similar to that of venous blood. By utilizing this system as a "deoxygenator," pulmonary functions, including gas exchange, could be measured for at least 60 min in isolated and preserved lungs on reperfusion. When the effects of glucose in the flushing and storage solution were examined, 5 mM glucose in the solution resulted in better preservation of the lung, as shown by a higher uptake of oxygen and a lower intratracheal pressure, than when no glucose was given. However, the presence of 50 mM glucose was not beneficial, but rather increased the wet/dry weight ratio of the tissue.
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PMID:Effects of glucose on rat lung preservation: report of a study conducted on an isolated lung reperfusion model utilizing. Another isolated lung as a "deoxygenator". 757 63

We have examined the relationship between the number of nuclei of an osteoclast and its volume. Chick and rat cells were released from long bones by chopping the shafts and flushing the fragments in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium with added 10% fetal calf serum. The bone cell suspension was seeded onto glass coverslips. In Experiment 1, rat and chick cells were allowed to settle for 15 minutes, more medium was then added, and the cells were cultured in 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C for 4 hours. In Experiment 2, only rat cells were used, and the cells were cultured in the presence or absence of 10(-6) M 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) in the medium for 4 or 6 hours. The coverslips were washed in 37 degrees C phosphate-buffered saline and fixed for 24 hours in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in isotonic cacodylate buffer (initially 37 degrees C). The chick cells were critical point dried (CPD) or freeze dried (FD); all rat cells were FD. After drying, cells were coated with gold by vacuum evaporation. The volumes and areas of osteoclasts were measured using a video-rate, line-confocal reflection laser scanning microscope and the number of nuclei in each cell was counted. The volumes and volumes per nucleus of the FD cells were larger than those of the CPD cells but there was no significant difference in plan-areas. Rat osteoclasts were larger than chick cells in all the measured parameters except the mean number of nuclei/cell. The correlation coefficients for the areas, volumes, and the numbers of nuclei for rat and chick cells were all high (r > 0.725). The volumes and volumes per nucleus, but not the areas or areas per nucleus, of the osteoclasts cultured with APD were significantly smaller than control cells. We conclude that FD causes less shrinkage than CPD; chick osteoclasts are about two-thirds the size of rat osteoclasts; and 10(-6) M APD caused a reduction of rat osteoclast volume and volume per nucleus of 21%.
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PMID:Volumes of chick and rat osteoclasts cultured on glass. 762 46

In human liver transplantation, air embolism is seldom encountered after graft reperfusion. Nevertheless, despite adequate flushing and clamping routines, air emboli have been reported in transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) studies performed during the reperfusion phase. We retrospectively investigated whether air in the donor liver -- as observed with pretransplant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- resulted in clinical air embolism or contributed to preservation/reperfusion injury. Clinical air embolism was assessed by intraoperative hemodynamics and end-tidal CO2 monitoring. Preservation/reperfusion injury was assessed in postoperative biochemical measurements. The outcomes were compared between patients receiving livers containing significant intrahepatic air and patients receiving livers without intrahepatic air. Forty-three livers were studied, seven which had major intrahepatic air and ten of which had no evidence of air collections. Twenty-six livers showed minor amounts of air and were excluded from further study. One patient who received a liver that did not contain intrahepatic air had clinical evidence of air embolism. Clinical air embolism did not appear to be associated with the presence of significant intrahepatic air based upon pretransplant MRI. Intrahepatic air did not seem to affect the amount of preservation/reperfusion injury. Our data indicate that air bubbles in the portal and arterial branches are absorbed during reperfusion and that the majority of intrahepatic air is effectively removed by the specific flushing routines.
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PMID:Venous air embolism, preservation/reperfusion injury, and the presence of intravascular air collection in human donor livers: a retrospective clinical study. 762 80

An analytical approach using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS) was developed for the analysis of the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene and several analogues in vegetables. The method was tested in the analysis of carrots, potatoes, green beans, celery, and radishes fortified with pentachloronitrobenzene, tetrachloronitrobenzene, pentachloroanisole, pentachlorothioanisole, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachloroaniline. An incurred carrot sample analyzed by the method was shown to contain hexachlorobenzene at 7 +/- 3 ng/g, which agreed with the concentration (8 +/- 4 ng/g) determined using a traditional solvent-based method. The SFE method consisted of the following steps: (1) homogenizing a 50 g vegetable sample and weighing a 3 g subsample; (2) mixing 2 g sorbent (Hydromatrix) with the subsample to absorb moisture and packing a 10 mL extraction vessel; (3) extracting with 40 mL CO2 at 200 atm, 40 degrees C, and a flow rate of 3 mL/min; and (4) collecting the extract on a 1 g alumina basic trap at 25 degrees C and flushing with 8 mL isooctane. Collection of the extract on alumina efficiently removed chlorophyll and other matrix interferences. GC/ITMS in the electron-impact mode confirmed and quantitated the analytes at concentrations as low as 1 ng/g.
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PMID:Supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry of pentachloronitrobenzene pesticides in vegetables. 775 61

To study facial flush after systemic administration of human corticotropin-releasing hormone (hCRH) we injected 100 micrograms hCRH intravenously to ten healthy young men. The increase in facial temperature was measured by infrared camera. A significant increase in facial temperature of 1.39 degrees C +/- 0.3 was found within 7 min in all patients, which lasted up to 60 min, although facial flushing was visible in only 50% (5/10) of the probands. In a second experiment 100 micrograms hCRH was then administered to seven other healthy young men. Intra- and extracerebral blood flow velocity changes in the medial cerebral artery (MCA) and external carotid artery (ECA) were measured after hCRH administration by use of Doppler sonography. We found a decrease of intracerebral blood flow which was caused by hyperventilation and was reversible following 6% CO2 hyperventilation during a second injection of 100 micrograms hCRH. Blood flow velocity in the ECA increased by 111.5 +/- 32.9% (compared to baseline level), lasted up to 60 min after hCRH injection, and was not reversible by 6% end-tidal CO2 ventilation. We thus demonstrated that the direct vasodilatory effect of hCRH involves the ECA-supplied vascular territory only. The intracerebral vasoconstrictory effect represents the result of hyperventilation following hCRH injection. The data thus clearly suggest an interaction of hCRH and the vascular endothelium of the ECA, causing a marked blood flow velocity increase and facial flushing.
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PMID:Intra- and extracerebral blood flow changes and flushing after intravenous injection of human corticotropin-releasing hormone. 808 64

Atmospheres containing concentrations of CO2 as low as 20% (balance nitrogen) inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida on the surface of buffered Brain Heart Infusion agar plates, pH 6.8, incubated at 5 or 15 degrees C in flexible packages. The modified atmospheres decreased the growth rates and reduced the populations attained at the end of the exponential phase of growth, but had no substantial effect on the lag phase. P. fluorescens was less tolerant of CO2 than P. putida. The inhibitory effect of CO2 increased with its concentration and inhibition was greater at 5 than at 15 degrees C. Growth occurred in packages flushed with 20, 40 and 100% CO2 and 100% N2 at 15 degrees C and 20 and 40% CO2 and 100% N2 at 5 degrees C. The residual O2 concentration in the packages after flushing was 0.2-0.5%. Storage of pseudomonads in CO2 under conditions that prevented growth (e.g., 100% CO2, 5 degrees C) did not cause substantial loss of viability. There was no detectable residual effect of CO2. If cultures were incubated in air after storage for up to 70 days in CO2-containing atmospheres which prevented growth, the subsequent growth curve did not differ noticeably from that observed when plates were incubated in air immediately after inoculation. When cultures in the exponential or stationary phases of growth in modified atmospheres were transferred to air, growth rates increased quickly to rates similar to those observed in air and the final populations observed in air were attained. A reduction in the pH of the medium to 5.5 substantially increased the inhibitory effect of CO2. At 5 degrees C and pH 5.5, substantial growth of P. fluorescens was not observed in any of the CO2 concentrations tested, nor in 40 or 100% CO2 for P. putida.
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PMID:The effects of modified atmospheres on the growth of psychrotrophic pseudomonads on a surface in a model system. 826 59

A new tonometry system for continuous and synchronous measurement of tissue oxygen- and carbon dioxide tension is described and characterized in vitro. The tonometer system consists of an O2 and CO2 permeable silicone tube continuously flushed with isotonic saline by an injection pump. When the saline passes through the tonometer tube it equilibrates with O2 and CO2 outside the tube. The oxygen- and carbon dioxide tension of the flushing solution after passage of the tonometer tube are measured by a transcutaneous combined oxygen/carbon dioxide electrode (E5280 Radiometer A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark), connected to the tonometer tube via an airtight polycarbonate chamber. In order to characterize the tonometer system in vitro the tonometer tube was submerged in a test chamber containing isotonic saline, 33 degrees C to 41 degrees C, with varying partial pressures of O2 and CO2. For various lengths of the tonometer and flushing rates through the tonometer the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the flushing solution (pO2eq and pCO2eq), after passage through the tonometer were recorded and compared to the known partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the test chamber solution (pO2 test and pCO2test). PO2eq and pCO2eq approached pO2test and pCO2test, when the length of the tonometer was increased, and the flushing rate through the tonometer was decreased. The relative differences (D) between pO2eq and pCO2eq at the one hand and pO2test and pCO2test at the other hand were calculated, and equilibration curves were constructed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:An in vitro characterization of a silicone tonometer system for synchronous measurement of tissue oxygen- and carbon dioxide tension. 837 34

An investigation was launched following complaints of poor air quality and building-related illness in a public elementary school. Occlusion of air intakes put the building under negative pressure and caused vents from a below-ground sump to become air intakes. Outside air drawn through the sump pit traveled into the adjacent main air handling unit and was disseminated throughout the building. Sump additives introduced in an attempt to counteract foul odors contained spores of Bacillus species, which appeared as bioaerosols throughout the school. Viable microbial sampling identified B subtilis, B cereus, and B licheniformis in the sump room and classrooms at levels as high as 760 colony forming units/m3 (CFU/m3). Concentrations of CO2 in classrooms were 1250 ppm, indicating inadequate makeup air. Remediation was accomplished by opening the air intakes, isolating the sump room from the air handling system, venting the sump to the outside, and flushing the sump with fresh water on a regular basis.
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PMID:Sump additives as a source of bioaerosols in a school building. 847 Mar 57

The earliest time of secretion of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) by primate embryos and its role during preimplantation development and implantation are not clearly determined. We cultured in-vivo fertilized/developed zona-intact, morphologically normal morulae (n = 11) and early blastocysts (n = 11), freshly recovered (by non-surgical uterine flushing) on days 5 and 6 of pregnancy, respectively (day 0 = the day following LH surge), from non-superovulated naturally bred rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Embryos were cultured for a minimum of 24 days in dishes containing 1 ml of CMRL-1066 supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37 degrees C. The culture medium was changed every 48 h. The percentage of hatched blastocysts, developed from morulae and early blastocysts, was 90.9; elapsed times (mean +/- SEM) were 67.8 +/- 4.4 h (morula) and 37.8 +/- 3.6 h (blastocyst). The minimum number of Hoechst-stained cells/hatched blastocyst was 531. The mean diameter (+/- SEM) of cultured embryos increased from 180 microns at the beginning of culture to 374 +/- 28 and 450 +/- 19 microns at the fully expanded and hatched blastocyst stages, respectively. Hatched blastocysts continued to expand (maximum diameter: 1125 +/- 25 microns); after an additional 94-96 h they attached firmly to the serum-coated dishes and produced highly proliferating multinucleate trophectodermal cells, extending to a maximum diameter of 2-6 mm by 11-21 days of culture. Biologically active CG in embryo-grown, serial spent media samples was measured in a mouse Leydig cell bioassay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In-vitro development of in-vivo produced rhesus monkey morulae and blastocysts to hatched, attached, and post-attached blastocyst stages: morphology and early secretion of chorionic gonadotrophin. 847 35


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