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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of the deoxygenation rate on the formation of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) were investigated by using metabolically replete sickle cells (SS cells). We found that the formation of ISCs required Ca2+ and that the amount formed depended on the rate of deoxygenation. When less dense SS discocytes were deoxygenated slowly by flushing with 95% N2 and 5% CO2 at a rate of 3 mL/min, the percentage of ISCs increased from 5% to 26.5% after 24 hours. In contrast, upon rapid deoxygenation (10, 35 mL/min) ISC formation was reduced significantly. The difference may be related to fact that more sickle-shaped cells were formed upon slow deoxygenation than upon the rapid deoxygenation that resulted in the formation of star-shaped and granulated cells. So-called ISCs were formed more easily from sickle-shaped cells. To express the shape of sickled cells numerically, we calculated the mean maximum cell length (MCL) after cells were incubated under various deoxygenation conditions. The MCL of slowly deoxygenated SS cells after 24 hours of incubation was about twice (20.0 +/- 7.0 micron) that of quickly deoxygenated (35 mL/min) SS cells (12.5 +/- 5.0 microns) (initial MCL, 8.0 +/- 1.0 micron). The decrease in potassium content was greater with slow deoxygenation than with rapid deoxygenation. Because the increase in sodium influx was less than that of potassium efflux under slow deoxygenation, SS cells became more dense than those rapidly deoxygenated. In the absence of Ca2+, morphological changes were the same as in the presence of Ca2+; however, under this condition there was no change in density, and no ISCs were formed regardless of the rate of deoxygenation. These results demonstrate that the number of ISCs formed correlates with the MCL. The length of fibers of sickle hemoglobin may be a determinant of the length of sickled cells. This suggests that membrane stretching plays an important role in cell density and irreversible membrane deformation.
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PMID:The effect of deoxygenation rate on the formation of irreversibly sickled cells. 333

The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of frozen-thawed rabbit oocytes to be fertilized in vitro. After superovulation with FSH a total of 1040 oocytes was obtained by puncturing the follicles 6 or 9 h after the injection of LH or by flushing the oviducts 12 h after LH application. 1.5 M dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as cryoprotective agent and the oocytes were transferred into 0.25 ml French straws and cooled in a methanol bath to -30 degrees C and transferred to liquid nitrogen. After 1-14 days of storage the oocytes were thawed rapidly in a 15 degrees C water bath and DMSO was diluted in a stepwise manner. Subsequently the oocytes were cultured in Ham's F-10 + 10% fetal calf serum at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2 for 14, 7 and 4 h according to the time of oocyte collection. The survival rates of the oocytes based on morphological criteria were 5.4, 20.0 and 28.8%, respectively. For chromosomal analysis, morphologically intact frozen-thawed oocytes were fixed and stained using the technique described by Tarkowski. In 44 successful chromosomal preparations, 2 of 2, 10 of 19 and 22 of 23 preparations of oocytes collected 6, 9 and 12 h after LH application were in metaphase-II, respectively. Furthermore, the viability of the oocytes was also examined by using fluorescein diacetate. Out of 52 morphologically intact oocytes, 50 showed a positive intracellular fluorescence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Successful in-vitro fertilization of frozen-thawed rabbit oocytes. 355 75

The contribution of ruminal CO2 to gas exchange measurements and ventilation was determined in four rumen-fistulated Hereford steers at rest and during exercise. The calves were exercised at 1.4 and 2.2m X s-1 under three treatments: 1)full rumen with fistula sealed, 2) full rumen with fistula open, and 3) empty rumen. Measurements also were made at rest while flushing the empty rumen with either 100% N2 or a mixture of 50% CO2-50% N2. O2 consumption, CO2 production (Mco2), and ventilation were measured by collecting the expired gas. Absorption across the ruminal epithelium during rest increased Mco2 by 3%, whereas absorption and eructation together increased Mco2 by 15%. The respiratory exchange ratio (R) was significantly different among the three treatments at rest, but no differences were observed in R among the treatments during exercise. No changes were observed in minute ventilation among the three conditions, but a decrease in respiratory frequency and an increase in tidal volume occurred when the rumen was empty. These changes in ventilatory pattern may have been due to a decrease in body temperature when the rumen was empty. When the empty rumen was flushed with 50% CO2, Mco2 was increased 21% over the value observed when flushing with 100% N2. CO2 of fermentation origin is added to the expired gas by both eructation and absorption and has a significant effect on R in the resting animal, but no effect on R during exercise.
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PMID:Effect of ruminal CO2 on gas exchange and ventilation in the Hereford calf. 392 37

Of 356 patients in whom percutaneous nephrostomy was performed at this institution 59 had ureteral stones. In our experience with the first 36 patients antegrade techniques for ureteral stone extraction had many assets but sometimes they were difficult. Recently, we incorporated a retrograde flushing technique, using carbon dioxide and diluted radiopaque dye, into our percutaneous approach to ureteral stones. Based on our experience with this technique in the next 23 consecutive patients, we believe that percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and retrograde flushing should be added to the armamentarium of urologists committed to the percutaneous endourological approach to ureteral stones.
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PMID:Percutaneous management of ureteral calculi facilitated by retrograde flushing with carbon dioxide or diluted radiopaque dye. 392 66

A first attempt to describe (coronary) laser angioplasty is presented using simplified but standard optical and thermal modeling of tissue in interaction with a laser. Ablation behavior of blood thrombi and plaque has been approximated from numerical computations for various wavelengths representing the Ar, Nd-YAG, and CO2 lasers. The overall results, in terms of calculated depth of ablation versus laser irradiation time, show a relatively fast initial process followed by a very slow one. The analysis suggests that a sequence of laser pulse-catheter tip flushing should substantially increase the overall ablation velocity. The physics of threshold laser power and influence of laser beam diameter is discussed. A comparison between experimental results is made when possible. Suggestions for further test experiments are made.
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PMID:Modeling of (coronary) laser-angioplasty. 401 Apr 33

A roll tube technique (Hungate method) was employed in an attempt to cultivate a maximal portion of the organisms in the gingival crevice area of man. This technique achieves an anaerobic state by flushing the local environment with oxygen-free gas. Once collected, the crevicular debris was immediately placed into sterile oxygen-free test tubes which were flushed out by the oxygen-free gas. In this manner, the samples were weighed, dispersed, diluted, and cultured in roll tubes and plates. The medium for control (Brewer Jar technique) and Hungate techniques was Heart Infusion Agar fortified with 10% defibrinated horse blood. When the Hungate technique was used, the recovery of viable bacteria, as a percentage of the direct microscopic count, was significantly greater than plates incubated aerobically or utilizing the Brewer Anaerobic technique. Cultural counts by using the Hungate method averaged 41.3% for six samples when 90% nitrogen and 10% hydrogen were used, 70.4% for eight samples when 85% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen, and 5% carbon dioxide were used, and 63.4% for eight samples when 100% carbon dioxide was the gaseous atmosphere. At no time were cultural counts, by using anaerobic plates (Brewer Jar), more than 24% of the direct microscopic count. This suggests that exclusion of oxygen and the presence of carbon dioxide maximized recovery of gingival crevice bacteria.
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PMID:Improved isolation of anaerobic bacteria from the gingival crevice area of man. 493 91

Acute nitrogen normobaric hypoxic challenges, resulting in an approximately 50% overall survival, were performed in young adult male and female heterozygous OF1 mice under various environmental conditions. The time required to obtain 50% survival was 20 min for a constant pO2 of 42 Torr, and 151 min when pO2 was progressively lowered by nitrogen flushing from 159 to 16.5 Torr. In LD12:12 synchronized animals, survival was significantly (P less than 0.001) less when hypoxia was performed during the light (L) than during the dark (D) phase. Lowering the ambient temperature from 33.8 to 13.2 degrees C increased the length of the progressive hypoxia necessary to obtain a 50% survival of the mice by 1.7 times, and diminished the final pO2 from 35 to 12 Torr. Grouping and crowding both decreased hypoxic survival. A previous stress (starvation) diminished hypoxic resistance of mice, while a preceding hypoxia, carbon monoxide inhalation, or sodium cyanide injection had the opposite effect. In all instances, OF1 females were more resistant than males. Most of these variations can be related to differences in respiratory exchanges, locomotor activity and aggressiveness, which are dependent upon the various experimental environmental parameters.
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PMID:Environmental parameters in the experimental evaluation of a respiratory aggression. 667 64

Phenomena associated with a deformation of short-time occurrence and noticed on concentration curves of tidal O2 and CO2 were examined in adult hens sitting quietly in a cage or suspended in prone position. During the episode of deformation, a decrease in arterial oxygen-gas tension was apparent. It was associated with a slight increase in arterial carbon-dioxide-gas tension and a slight acidic shift of arterial blood pH. The episode was associated with increases in intrapressure of the interclavicular and bilateral abdominal air sacs. The tracheal expiratory-gas flow changed in pattern. Hypoventilation due to reduction in tidal volume or respiratory rate could not be detected during the episode. The episode was suddenly terminated at the hen's body movement induced spontaneously or by pinching the comb, at coughlike activity or at no obvious change in behavior in a quietly resting position. Deformation similar to the spontaneous one could be induced by 3 ml-water flushing into the trachea or 0.1% methacholine aerosol inhalation. The mechanism responsible for the genesis of deformation was discussed. It was presumed to be based upon some mechanism, such as mucous accumulation in the lung, rather than upon the pulmonary smooth-muscle contraction.
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PMID:An analysis on the mechanism responsible for genesis of deformation of expiratory-gas-concentration curves in chickens. 680 76

A study is described in which clinically detectable air emboli which occurred during total hip replacement were eliminated by flushing the femoral shaft cavity with carbon dioxide. Transient falls in blood pressure were still observed immediately after insertion of bone cement, and alternative mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:Prevention of air emboli in hip surgery. Femoral shaft insufflation with carbon dioxide. 680 54

Carbon dioxide and methanol or ethanol, although miscible, form alcohol/CO2 solutions that do not easily mix with additional pure liquid CO2. If the CO2 inlet is situated at the top of a critical point drying apparatus chamber, pure CO2 will entirely displace the alcohol/CO2 phase (which is more dense) while keeping the chamber filled with liquid. This unexpected phenomenon is invaluable in critical point drying delicate biological tissues which remain continuously immersed, avoiding surface or convection currents. By providing an objective criterion for intermediate solvent displacement, the protocol also eliminates ambiguous 'flushing' steps.
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PMID:Phase separation in alcohol/liquid carbon dioxide solvent systems facilitates critical point drying. 735 83


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