Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to reduce the operative injury of the endothelium in free reversed vein grafts, cultured human endothelial cells were used to test the optimal concentration of the constituents of a flushing solution for improved protection of the endothelium. The following solution proved to be the most suitable when tested at 20 degrees C; mannitol 160 mmol l-1, glucose 15 mmol l-1, NaCl 30 mmol l-1, KHCO3 5 mmol l-1, K2SO4 10 mmol l-1, KH2PO4 4 mmol l-1, MgSO4 20 mmol l-1, CaCl2 1.5 mmol l-1, potassium citrate 1.0 mmol l-1, Pluronic F-68 20 mg l-1, HEPES 4 mmol l-1, HEPES-Na 6 mmol l-1, pH 7.25, osmolality 325 mosmol kg-1 H2O. When endothelial cell injury was measured by a 51Cr-release assay, the new solution protected human endothelial cells in culture during hypothermic incubation better than isotonic NaCl, St Thomas' cardioplegic solution or Krebs-Henseleit's buffer. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed that the endothelium of human saphenous vein grafts was well preserved following 6 h of incubation at 20 degrees C with the new solution. As determined by morphometry using scanning electron microscopy, the endothelium of free porcine vein grafts was better preserved after incubation for 2 h at 20 degrees C with the new solution than with either isotonic NaCl (p = 0.02) or diluted, heparinized blood (p = 0.02) as the incubation medium, all cases observed following 2 h of subsequent arterial flow. The present study indicates that the endothelium of free vein grafts can be well protected against hypothermia when the flushing and irrigation fluid has a composition favouring endothelial protection. It appears likely that such treatment of vein grafts will reduce the frequency of vein graft narrowing and occlusion, post-operatively.
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PMID:A new protective solution for hypothermic storage of free vein grafts in cardiovascular surgery. 158

Recent work has shown that UW may be better than standard cardioplegic solutions for short-term heart preservation. In this study we have used a rabbit heart model to evaluate a simplified UW solution in which penicillin, dexamethasone, insulin, allopurinol, and adenosine were omitted and 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG20M) was substituted for hydroxyethyl starch. The test systems consisted of 4-hr cardioplegic storage at 15 degrees C with repeated flushing every 30 min for 2 hr and 24-hr hypoxic low-flow microperfusion (3 ml/g/24 hr) at 0 degrees C. Control groups were arrested with a 15-25 ml flush in iced saline and immediately tested. Cardiac output (CO)* after preservation was measured in a working heart model using an acellular perfusate at 37 degrees C at an aortic pressure of 100 cm H2O. The CO (ml/g heart wt/min) were as follows--Controls: St. Thomas II 20.5 +/- 8.3 (5), UW 34.7 +/- 11.7 (16), PEG20M 41.8 +/- 4.4 (14); 4-hr cardioplegia: St. Thomas II 17.4 +/- 0.9 (4), Bretschneider HTK 14.9 +/- 7.0 (4), UW 25.2 +/- 11.5 (9), PEG20M 41.1 +/- 7.8 (8); 24-hr microperfusion: UW 25.4 +/- 11.1 (18), PEG20M 37.1 +/- 8.2 (18). Following cardioplegic or microperfusion preservation, PEG20M hearts functioned at control levels (P greater than 0.05) and were significantly superior to all other solutions, with approximately double the CO (P less than 0.05, all other groups). We conclude that for heart preservation, 5 components can be eliminated from UW and substitution of PEG20M for HES appears to have improved its performance.
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PMID:Optimal cardioplegia and 24-hour heart storage with simplified UW solution containing polyethylene glycol. 230 54

Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) is a whole gut lavage solution designed to cleanse the gastrointestinal tract prior to bowel surgery or endoscopy. This method relies on pediatric nurses safely administering a large volume of PEG-ELS, marketed as Golytely, to produce the flushing effect without significant absorption of the Golytely.
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PMID:Preop use of Golytely in pediatrics. 258 5

This study evaluated the effect of specific scavengers of oxygen derived free radicals on the results of kidney preservation. The immediate function of rabbit kidneys preserved for 24 hr by hypothermic perfusion was studied on an ex vivo shunt. A significant improvement in creatinine clearance was seen when the perfusate was treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), with values of 261 +/- 82 ml/hr vs control values of 203 +/- 72 ml/hr, P less than 0.05. This effect was enhanced if a long-persistent polyethylene glycol-linked form of SOD, namely PEG-SOD, was used (330 +/- 58 ml/hr, P less than 0.01). Recipient treatment and other modifications designed to protect against free radicals resulted in similar improvement in function. In contrast, no effect of free radical scavengers could be demonstrated in kidneys which were preserved by flush cooling, whether the agents were added to the flushing solution, given to the recipient, or both.
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PMID:The effects of oxygen free radicals on the preserved kidney. 329 97

We employed hyperosmotic concentrations of penetrating cryoprotective agents (CPA) to store the isolated rat hearts unfrozen at subzero temperatures. The effect of acute exposure to CPA was assessed by flushing the hearts with CP-14, a cardioplegic solution, containing methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), ethylene glycol (EG), or propylene glycol (PG) for 2 min and reperfusing immediately with Krebs-Henseleit buffer in a working-heart model. The maximal doses that did not cause irreversible suppression of heart function were: MeOH, 1.78 M; EtOH, 1.27 M; EG, 0.84 M; and PG, 0.87 M. For nonfreezing storage, the hearts were flushed with CP-14 containing the highest tolerable concentrations of MeOH, EtOH, EG, or PG, stored for 6 h at -3.7, -2.8, and -1.4 degrees C, respectively, and then reperfused. Control cardiac output (CO) was 76.2 +/- 1.8 ml/min. Post-reperfusional recovery of CO was 86% in MeOH hearts, 82% in EtOH hearts, 76% in EG hearts, and 79% in PG hearts. Thus MeOH offered not only the least cardiac-suppressing effect but the lowest nonfreezing storage temperature. When storage time was extended, recovery and myocardial ATP level decreased with time in hearts flushed with CP-14 + 1.78 M MeOH and stored at -3.7 degrees C. The decay of function was faster than the decay of ATP level, suggesting energy was better preserved than function. The low return of function, however, may be related to CPA toxicity, osmotic stress, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nonfreezing storage at subzero temperatures using these CPAs may provide a novel approach to long-term cardiac preservation.
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PMID:Subzero nonfreezing storage of the mammalian cardiac explant. I. Methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol as colligative cryoprotectants. 840 87

Both solution and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques have been used to determine differences in commercially available condoms. Whilst solid state NMR is useful for determining the polymer backbone, it is not useful for forensic analysis due to the commonality of the latex condom. However solution NMR spectra obtained following a simple extraction procedure using hexane, provides a fingerprint of the additives in the lubricants. Following the development of a flow chart, basing decisions on the presence of particular peaks present in the solution spectra, 33 of 38 condoms could be individualized. Samples were also analyzed after having the lubricant manually removed and soaking the condom in water for 3 to 24 h. These experiments were performed to simulate a case of the sample having been used and disposed of by flushing down the toilet, as may be experienced in a case of a sexual assault. The results indicated that the only significant water soluble component was polyethylene glycol. The overall results suggest that the method developed may be a quick and useful technique in characterizing condoms. The information obtained can be used to provide associative evidence between suspect and crime, and so be useful in sexual assault cases.
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PMID:A methodology based on NMR spectroscopy for the forensic analysis of condoms. 1190 31

Hypericum Perforatum Extract is an extract of the capsules, flowers, leaves, and stem heads of Hypericum perforatum, commonly called St. John's Wort. Hypericum Perforatum Oil is the fixed oil from H. perforatum. Techniques for preparing Hypericum Perforatum Extract include crushing in stabilized olive oil, gentle maceration over a period of weeks, followed by dehydration and filtration. Propylene Glycol and Butylene Glycol extractions were also reported. The following components have variously been reported to be found in H. perforatum: hypericin, naphtodianthrones, flavonoids, terpene and sesquiterpene oils, phenylpropanes, biflavones, tannins, xanthones, phloroglucinols, and essential oils. Hypericum Perforatum Extract is used in over 50 cosmetic formulations and Hypericum Perforatum Oil in just over 10, both across a wide range of product types. Acute toxicity studies using rats, guinea pigs, and mice indicate that the extract is relatively nontoxic. Animals fed H. perforatum flowers for 2 weeks showed significant signs of toxicity, including erythema, edema of the portion of the body exposed to light, alopecia, and changes in blood chemistry. In a chronic study, rats fed H. perforatum gained less weight than control animals. Mixtures containing the extract and the oil were not irritants or sensitizers in animals. Because of the presence of hypericin, H. perforatum is a primary photosensitizer. In clinical tests, a single oral administration of Hypericum extract resulted in hypericin appearing in the blood. With long-term dosing, a steady-state level in blood was reached after 14 days. The polyphenol fraction of H. perforatum had immunostimulating activity, whereas the lipophilic portion had immunosuppressing properties. Mixtures of the extract and the oil produced minimal or no ocular irritation in rabbit eyes. Mutagenic activity in an Ames test was attributed to flavonols in one study and to quercitin in another, but other genotoxicity assays were negative. No carcinogenicity or reproductive and developmental toxicity data were available. A mixture of the extract and the oil was not irritating in clinical studies. Adverse reactions to Hypericum extract in the clinical treatment of depression include skin reddening and itching, dizziness, constipation, fatigue, anxiety, and tiredness. Absent any basis for concluding that data on one member of a botanical ingredient group can be extrapolated to another in a group, or to the same ingredient extracted differently, these data were not considered sufficient to assess the safety of these ingredients. Additional data needs include current concentration of use data; function in cosmetics; photosensitization and phototoxicity data using visible light; gross pathology and histopathology in skin and other major organ systems associated with repeated dermal exposures; dermal reproductive/developmental toxicity data; human skin irritation and sensitization data using the oil; and ocular irritation data, if available. Until these data are available, it is concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations.
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PMID:Final report on the safety assessment of Hypericum perforatum extract and Hypericum perforatum oil. 1155 39

In swine, five to six days post-insemination, morulae and blastocysts are collected together after uterine flushing. The purpose of this study was to vitrify zona pellucida-intact morulae with Open Pulled Straw (OPS) technology and obtain piglets after transfer. Morulae (200) were vitrified after a two-step equilibration in ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide and sucrose in Hepes-buffered TCM199 + 20% NBCS medium (TCM). 2-6 morulae were loaded into OPS and plunged into liquid nitrogen. At embryo warming, a three-step dilution with decreasing concentrations of sucrose was applied. In each of 10 recipients, 20 morulae were transferred surgically. Day 25, gestation rate and the farrowing rate were 80% and 70%, respectively. The pregnant recipients farrowed from 1 to 8 piglets and the survival of total transferred embryos was 13%. Although survival rates are still compromised, OPS technology is therefore appropriate to cryopreserve porcine morulae with intact zona pellucida.
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PMID:Birth of piglets after OPS vitrification and transfer of compacted morula stage embryos with intact zona pellucida. 1159 24

Recent studies with PEG liposomes in patients have consistently shown that liposomes can induce side effects (flushing, tightness of the chest). Furthermore, the blood clearance of PEG liposomes was shown to be dose-dependent: at lipid doses lower than 1 micromol/kg, PEG liposomes do not show the long-circulation property but instead are cleared relatively rapidly from the bloodstream. Another remarkable observation was that repeated injections of PEG liposomes led to significant pharmacokinetic changes: the circulatory half-life of a second dose of radiolabeled PEG liposomes dramatically decreased when given from 5 days to up to 4 weeks after a first injection. In these three unexpected phenomena, proteins of the complement system seem to play a key role. Therefore, one has to consider that PEG liposomes are not inert drug-carrying vehicles in vivo. Pharmacological effects can occur, induced solely by using liposomal particles irrespective of the drug content.
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PMID:In vivo applications of PEG liposomes: unexpected observations. 1178 75

The role of genetic polymorphisms in modulating xenobiotic metabolism and susceptibility to cancer and other health effects has been suggested in numerous studies. However, risk assessments have generally not used this information to characterize population variability or adjust risks for susceptible subgroups. This paper focuses upon the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) system because it exemplifies the pivotal role genetic polymorphisms can play in determining enzyme function and susceptibility. Allelic variants in ALDH2 cause decreased ability to clear acetaldehyde and other aldehyde substrates, with homozygous variants (ALDH2*2/2) having no activity and heterozygotes (ALDH2*1/2) having intermediate activity relative to the predominant wild type (ALDH2*1/1). These polymorphisms are associated with increased buildup of acetaldehyde following ethanol ingestion and increased immediate symptoms (flushing syndrome) and long-term cancer risks. We have used Monte Carlo simulation to characterize the population distribution of ALDH2 allelic variants and inter-individual variability in aldehyde internal dose. The nonfunctional allele is rare in most populations, but is common in Asians such that 40% are heterozygotes and 5% are homozygote variants. The ratio of the 95th or 99th percentiles of the Asian population compared to the median of the U.S. population is 14- to 26-fold, a variability factor that is larger than the default pharmacokinetic uncertainty factor (3.2-fold) commonly used in risk assessment. Approaches are described for using ALDH2 population distributions in physiologically based pharmacokinetic-Monte Carlo refinements of risk assessments for xenobiotics which are metabolized to aldehyde intermediates (e.g., ethanol, toluene, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether).
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PMID:Population distribution of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genetic polymorphism: implications for risk assessment. 1247 14


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