Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcium channel blocking drugs are a chemically heterogenous group, so it might be expected that their effects on vascular smooth muscle, cardiac contractility, and conduction tissue may differ. However, the majority of adverse reactions are predictable from their pharmacological actions and may be conveniently grouped in the following categories: 1) vasodilatation, 2) negative inotropic effects, 3) conduction disturbances, 4) gastrointestinal effects, 5) metabolic effects, and 6) drug interactions. Vasodilatory symptoms, namely, dizziness, headaches, flushing sensation, and palpitation, are more likely with nifedipine. Peripheral edema is also common with nifedipine, but the mechanism is uncertain. For a given degree of vasodilation, the greatest negative inotropic effect is seen with verapamil first, diltiazem second, and nifedipine last. Calcium channel blocking drugs are contraindicated in hypertensive patients with second and third degree heart block, sick sinus syndrome, and severe heart failure. Verapamil and diltiazem have a significant effect on cardiac conduction, whereas nifedipine, in therapeutic doses, does not. Local gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea and constipation, are common with verapamil. None of the calcium channel blocking drugs have been reported to adversely affect lipid or protein metabolism. However, nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem in high doses may inhibit liberation of insulin. The significance of this finding needs to be explored further in hypertensive diabetics. Serum digoxin levels have been shown to increase after administration of verapamil and nifedipine, but there is no evidence that this change has any clinical relevance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Side effects of calcium channel blockers. 328 Apr 92

Increasing recognition of the importance of calcium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has stimulated research into the use of calcium channel blocking agents for treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The favorable efficacy and tolerability profiles of these agents make them attractive therapeutic modalities. Clinical applications of calcium channel blockers parallel their tissue selectivity. In contrast to verapamil and diltiazem, which are roughly equipotent in their actions on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are a group of potent peripheral vasodilator agents that exert minimal electrophysiologic effects on cardiac nodal or conduction tissue. As the first dihydropyridine available for use in the United States, nifedipine controls angina and hypertension with minimal depression of cardiac function. Additional members of this group of calcium channel blockers have been studied for a variety of indications for which they may offer advantages over current therapy. Once or twice daily dosage possible with nitrendipine and nisoldipine offers a convenient administration schedule, which encourages patient compliance in long-term therapy of hypertension. The coronary vasodilating properties of nisoldipine have led to the investigation of this agent for use in angina. Selectivity for the cerebrovascular bed makes nimodipine potentially useful in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, migraine headache, dementia, and stroke. In general, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are usually well tolerated, with headache, facial flushing, palpitations, edema, nausea, anorexia, and dizziness being the more common adverse effects.
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PMID:Differential effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: therapeutic implications. 332 59

The so-called Oriental flushing reaction associated with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by combined antihistamine administration. In stage one of the study, the flushing reaction to low doses of alcohol was produced in Orientals. Most subjects experienced a cutaneous flush, an increase in skin temperature, a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness and nausea. Before the administration of alcohol, one-half of the subjects were given 50 mg of diphenhydramine (H1 receptor antagonist) and 300 mg of cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist). The second half received placebo tablets. The clearest difference between the antihistamine group and placebo group was in the skin flushing reaction. The antihistamine group showed a significant reduction in the skin flush. The antihistamine also neutralized the systolic hypotension induced by the administration of alcohol. The possible importance of histamine in the expression of sensitivity to alcohol is considered. The relevance to genetic susceptibility for development of alcoholism is discussed.
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PMID:Antihistamine blockade of alcohol-induced flushing in orientals. 334 71

Formaldehyde is but one of many chemicals capable of causing the tight building syndrome or environmentally induced illness (EI). The spectrum of symptoms it may induce includes attacks of headache, flushing, laryngitis, dizziness, nausea, extreme weakness, arthralgia, unwarranted depression, dysphonia, exhaustion, inability to think clearly, arrhythmia or muscle spasms. The nonspecificity of such symptoms can baffle physicians from many specialties. Presented herein is a simple office method for demonstrating that formaldehyde is among the etiologic agents triggering these symptoms. The very symptoms that patients complain of can be provoked within minutes, and subsequently abolished, with an intradermal injection of the appropriate strength of formaldehyde. This injection aids in convincing the patient of the cause of the symptoms so he can initiate measures to bring his disease under control.
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PMID:Diagnosing the tight building syndrome. 344 98

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in eight healthy male volunteers was conducted to study possible disulfiram-type reactions and hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefotetan administration. Three doses of cefotetan (2 g) or of placebo were administered at 12-h intervals. Ethanol (0.5 g/kg of total body weight) was ingested 1 h after the third dose. Blood ethanol, serum acetaldehyde, and prothrombin times were measured throughout the study. Heart rate, blood pressure, and clinical signs as well as symptoms suggestive of a disulfiram-type reaction were also noted. Five of eight volunteers that received cefotetan showed significant flushing. A significant increase in heart rate also was noted. No change in mean arterial pressure was observed during the cefotetan phase, and no one experienced nausea or vomiting. No statistical differences were observed between phases with respect to ethanol area under the time-concentration curve, elimination rate, or serum acetaldehyde concentrations. A slight but statistically significant increase in prothrombin time also was observed with cefotetan. This study suggests that patients receiving cefotetan might be at risk to develop disulfiram-type reactions and hypoprothrombinemia.
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PMID:Cefotetan-induced disulfiram-type reactions and hypoprothrombinemia. 347 45

An inflight, clinically-oriented investigation of SMS was begun on STS-4 and revealed the following: compared to motion sickness on Earth, autonomic signs are significantly different in space motion sickness (SMS) vs. motion sickness (MS) in that sweating is not present, pallor or flushing may be present, and vomiting is episodic, sudden, and brief. Nausea may be present but is more often absent. Onset ranges from minutes to hours, plateaus, and rapidly resolves in 8-72 h with 36 h as average. Postflight reactions have been mild unless deliberately provoked in the early period of re-exposure to gravity. Postflight there is a period of resistance to all forms of motion sickness. There is some evidence for individual reduction in sensitivity on repeated flights. Etiology could not be proven objectively; however, the sensitivity to angular motion, often pronounced in pitch, and theoretical considerations make an intravestibular conflict the most likely cause. Electro-oculogram (EOG), audio-evoked potentials, measurement of fluid shifts, and other studies are inconsistent with a transient vestibular hydrops or increased intracranial pressure as a cause.
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PMID:Clinical characterization and etiology of space motion sickness. 349 91

Antineoplaston A3 is an oxidated mixture of small peptides and amino acid derivatives isolated from human urine which have shown antineoplastic activity in tissue culture and low toxicity in mice. Twenty-four patients diagnosed with 25 cases of neoplastic diseases were involved in the studies. The patients' diagnoses included: adenocarcinoma of the prostate, stage IV (7 cases); adenocarcinoma of the breast, stage IV (3); adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, stage IV (3); adenocarcinoma of the colon, status post resection (1); adenocarcinoma of the lung, stage III (2); squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, stage III (2); adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, stages II and IV (2); and single cases of adenocarcinoma of the kidney, stage IV; malignant fibrohistiocytoma, stage IV; glioblastoma multiforme, stage IV; basal cell epithelioma; and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, grade II. Only patients who had over six weeks' anticipated survival and who continued the treatment for over six weeks were eligible. In 23 patients, Antineoplaston A3 was administered in divided doses daily i.v. through a subclavian vein catheter. In one patient, the injections were given i.m. The length of treatment was from 44 to 478 days and the highest dosage was 76 mg/kg/24 h. Side-effects associated with treatment included febrile reaction (4 patients), vertigo (2), headache (2), flushing of the face, nausea and tachycardia (1 each). Adverse reactions were mild and occurred only once during the entire course of treatment. Desirable side-effects included increase of platelet count, increase of white blood cell count and increase of reticulocyte count. At the end of the study, there were 5 cases of complete remission, 5 of partial remission, nine of stable disease and six of increasing disease. The patients who obtained complete remission were diagnosed with cancers of the bladder, prostate, colon, and basal cell epithelioma. In view of its very limited toxicity and the interesting responses obtained, Antineoplaston A3 was submitted for Phase II clinical trials to establish its usefulness in cancer treatment.
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PMID:Phase I clinical studies of antineoplaston A3 injections. 356 12

The Oriental flushing reaction is an adverse response to alcohol that appears to be genetically determined. In this study, the Oriental flushing reaction that was produced with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by antihistamine administration. A group of 17 subjects was tested. Each subject received placebo, diphenhydramine 50 mg (H-1 receptor antagonist), and cimetidine 300 mg (H-2 receptor antagonist) singularly and in combination. Alcohol was then administered orally. Most subjects given placebo experienced the typical flushing reaction that included a cutaneous flush, increase in skin temperature, decrease in blood pressure, increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness, and nausea. The flush, temperature and systolic hypotension were significantly blocked by the combined antihistamine administration. Cimetidine given alone blocked the flush, temperature increase, and systolic hypotension significantly more than diphenhydramine but less than the combined antihistamines. Diphenhydramine was similar to placebo in its effect on the flushing reaction. The role of histamine in the expression of tolerance to alcohol is not known. Antihistamine antagonism of the adverse flushing reaction suggests that histamine receptors may participate in the intolerance to ethanol in Orientals. Histamine may be an important protective factor in the low prevalence of alcoholism in Orientals.
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PMID:Histamine receptor antagonism of intolerance to alcohol in the Oriental population. 368 Dec 77

The pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity of carmustine (BCNU) have been studied in ten patients receiving high-dose combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and BCNU as treatment for advanced neoplasms. Patients received from 300 to 750 BCNU mg/m2 of body surface area as a 2-hour infusion. The immediate effects of this schedule of BCNU included tachycardia, hypotension, flushing, confusion, nausea, and vomiting. Hypotension was a prominent feature of high-dose BCNU administration. The pharmacokinetics of high-dose BCNU were studied via serial blood samples obtained during and following BCNU infusion. Concentrations of BCNU in total plasma and ultrafiltrable (bioavailable) plasma were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Average pharmacokinetic parameters for bioavailable plasma BCNU, calculated on the basis of a one-compartment model, include an elimination constant of 0.031 min-1 and a volume of distribution of 5.1 L/kg. Average clearance of total plasma BCNU is 77.6 ml/kg/min. When corrected to a constant dose of 1 g/m2, the average peak concentration at the end of the infusion was 7.8 microM and the area under the curve was 538 microM X min. Plasma BCNU was largely (77%) protein bound. The distribution, clearance, and protein binding of high-dose BCNU were similar to those reported for standard-dose BCNU.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and immediate effects of high-dose carmustine in man. 371 78

A questionnaire survey of British tanning salon clients disclosed that immediate side effects occurred more frequently in women using oral contraceptives. 20 questionnaires distributed to each of 146 UV-A lamp tanning salons nationwide in 1985 covered 24 questions on topics such as age, sex and skin type of the respondents, skin conditions such as acne and psoriasis, satisfaction with tan, and side effects including erythema (redness), itching, rash and nausea. Half of the subjects were young women aged 15-30, who had used the sunbed 10 to 100 times (median 20 times). Most sessions lasted 30 minutes. 98% reported that they tanned; 83% claimed they felt more relaxed; 28% complained of itching; 8% had rash or nausea. Among those with side effects, 41% with itching took oral contraceptives, compared to 27% who did not (p.005). 17% of pill users had nausea and 14% got a rash, compared to 10 and 7% of non-pill users, respectively (p.025). 195 or 19% of the 1013 respondents were on the pill. There are several conditions known to predispose to skin reddening, irritation or possibly carcinogenesis: fair skin; idiopathic light sensitivity; use of certain cosmetics or drugs such as antibiotics, antihypertension drugs, or antipsychotic agents.
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PMID:Use of UV-A sunbeds for cosmetic tanning. 373 Feb 79


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