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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four solutions for initial flushing of kidneys prior to transplantation were tested under conditions designed to resemble those of clinical cadaveric donor renal transplantation. The experimental model was the dog subjected to bilateral nephrectomy with renal autograft. Kidney grafts were subjected to 15 minutes' anoxia in vivo, 30 minutes' warm ischaemia at 37 degrees C ex vivo, and two hours' cold ischaemia before reimplantation. The four solutions used were Collins (C3), Perfudex (P), hyperosmolar citrate (HC), and a solution of bovine albumin containing dog red blood cells (BBA). Effects of the flushing fluids were compared by parameters relating to dog survival, renal function, and serum enzyme levels. With all parameters studied the best results occurred in HC perfused kidneys. Results with BBA perfusion were marginally worse, while C3 perfused kidneys were again inferior. P perfused kidneys clearly did least well. The results support the use of HC for clinical application.
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PMID:A comparison of flushing fluids for initial perfusion of kidneys for transplantation. 39 35

Cold nonperfusional (flushing and ice storage) with Collins or Sacks solution and perfusional preservation with cryoprecipitated plasma or albumin were compared in dog kidneys. All these methods were effective in achieving excellent 48-hour preservation of fresh kidneys. After exposure to 20 minutes of ischemia at 37 C, neither of the flushing solutions yielded kidneys that permitted survival of recipients after 48 hours of preservation, and flushed kidneys functioned poorly after 24 hours of preservation. In contrast, both plasma- and albumin-perfused kidneys exposed to ischemia supported life satisfactorily and with normal function. Therefore, simple and inexpensive flushing and ice storage techniques are entirely satisfactorily for the preservation of ideally harvested cadaver kidneys, while the more complex and expensive perfusional techniques must be employed in preserving ischemia-damaged organs.
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PMID:Forty-eight-hour kidney preservation. A comparison of flushing and ice storage with perfusion. 76 32

This study compared the function of reduced grafts prepared in situ or ex vivo and transplanted immediately or after 4 hr of cold storage. Measurements of acid/base balance, plasma electrolytes, albumin, and urea showed no differences between groups. There was no difference between the increase and decline of plasma AST in recipients of grafts transplanted immediately after either ex vivo or in situ reduction; the increase in plasma AST of recipients of stored grafts was up to 10-fold and persisted until the end of the study at 7 days, with some decline. Plasma fibrinogen decreased intraoperatively but levels were restored within 24 hr in all groups; plasma prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were not significantly disturbed. The patterns of decline and return of tissue adenine nucleotides were similar in all groups. While the regenerative response measured by tissue thymidine kinase and mitotic figures was not different between the groups, comparison with results from a group of partially hepatectomized animals showed a 3-4-fold depression in response in reduced liver grafts. The contributions of the effects of ischemia, flushing, and preservation to the depressed regenerative response of reduced liver grafts need to be determined. The present studies suggest however, that with regard to functional assessment, results are not affected either by ex vivo or in situ reduction of the graft, or by cold storage for 4 hr.
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PMID:Ex vivo versus in situ resection of segmental liver grafts in pigs--a comparison in immediate and four-hour-stored grafts. 158 63

Assessment of endothelial integrity is an obligatory step in many pharmacological studies. Integrity of endothelium is affected by manipulations performed during the removal and cleaning of the vessel and by some of the silver-staining techniques utilized for demonstrating interendothelial junctions. When aortas were cleaned of periadventitial tissue in cold Tris-saline (once separated from the animal) by untrained personnel, only 45% of the endothelium was preserved. When cleaning was performed in situ by trained personnel while flushing with cold Krebs-Ringer-6% albumin, over 95% was left intact. AgNO3-staining performed before fixation produced a 50% loss of endothelium when using NH4Br and (NH4)2S as developers. AgNO3-staining performed after fixation produced over 95% recuperation of endothelium when 2% glutaraldehyde, 150 mM NaCl, 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, were utilized as initial fixative, NH4Br and (NH4)2S being equally effective as developers. Chloride ions were necessary to intensify silver lines. Several patterns of deendothelization were produced by mechanical and chemical injury with saponin, NH4Br and (NH4)2S. In all cases, hematoxylin staining was employed as an auxiliary technique to interpret images of injured endothelium. Presence of albumin protected the endothelium from mechanical damage.
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PMID:Technical considerations in evaluating the endothelial integrity of rat aortic preparations with silver staining. 170 30

We have used an isolated rat lung model to compare the quality of preservation of different flush techniques with each other and with topical cooling alone. Lung injury was assessed by recording lung weights after reperfusion after 4 and 6 hours of ischemia. The flush solutions studied were intracellular (Collins-Sacks), traditional extracellular, extracellular with low potassium plus dextran, and extracellular containing blood, mannitol, albumin, and prostacyclin (Wallwork's solution). Flushing with Wallwork's solution before both 4 and 6 hours of ischemia gave superior protection from lung edema after reperfusion over all the other methods.
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PMID:Extracellular flush solution that contains blood, mannitol, albumin, and prostacyclin protects rat lungs from six hours of ischemia. 175 65

The efficacy and tolerance of 750 mg of Acipimox was tested in 38 pts with primary dyslipidemias: 20 type IIa, 12 type IIb, and 6 type IV. All pts had been poor responders to a 2 month diet according to the recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Clinical examination, eye fundus, and the following laboratory tests: total cholesterol (TC), HDL, triglycerides (TG), total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminases, uric acid, plasmatic creatinine, albumin, postprandial glucose test, hematocrit, white blood and platelet count were performed 60 days before drug initiation, 60 and 180 days after treatment had been started. No side effects were observed (myositis, visual gastrointestinal). 50% of the pts had slight to moderate flushing which appeared the first 3 days and lasted 14 +/- 7 days after treatment had been started. Plasmatic creatinine increased from 0.89 to 1.86 mg/dl in pt with one kidney, returning to normal levels 30 days after Acipimox interruption. After 180 days of therapy in the IIa group TC was -27% (p < 0.001), HDL + 15% (p < 0.001); in the IIb group: TC-23% (p < 0.001), HDL +9% (NS), TG -48% (p < 0.001); and in the IV group: TC-10% (p < 0.05), HDL +20% (p < 0.001), TG-53% (p < 0.001). Acipimox is well tolerated and is useful as a lipid-lowering drug in type IIa, IIb and IV dyslipidemias. Further studies are necessary to clear effects of the drug on renal metabolism and on long term survival of coronary pts.
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PMID:[Acipimox in primary hyperlipidemias: safety and efficacy evaluated in six months]. 184 8

The fifth component of complement (C5) has been detected in rabbit uterine flushings. The C5 activity was evaluated using a hemolytic assay which requires the use of a C5-depleted reagent (C5D) prepared by affinity chromatography of normal human serum. In the absence of C5D, there was no hemolysis of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes by rabbit uterine flushings, whereas the presence of the C5D reagent resulted in substantial hemolysis. The amount of hemolysis was correlated with the reproductive state of the rabbits, with higher amounts of hemolysis (expressed per mg uterine flushing protein) evident in estrous rabbits. In addition, the amounts of immunoglobulin G (IgG), albumin, and total protein were also determined in the uterine flushings. The amounts of total protein and IgG were increased in day-6 pregnant animals compared to estrus while the amount of albumin per ml uterine flushing was not significantly changed.
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PMID:The presence of the fifth component of complement (C5) in rabbit uterine flushings in relation to reproductive state. 339 52

The practice of multiple use of membrane plasmafilters was examined in six patients receiving intermittent or regular plasmapheresis treatment. The plasmafilters were cleaned by flushing and ultrafiltration using positive pressure in the blood and filtrate compartments of the plasmafilter. Twenty-six plasmafilters were studied and the membrane permeability characteristics were examined during 56 plasmapheresis treatments with reused plasmafilters. The clearances of nitrogen urea and creatinine, and the sieving coefficients of albumin and immunoglobulins remained unchanged with the reuse of plasmafilters. The practice is safe, efficient, and can contribute to cost containment in plasmapheresis treatment.
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PMID:Multiple use of plasmafilters. 368 Jan 96

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration, untoward reactions to capillary hemodialyzers occur at a rate of 3.5 of every 100,000 dialyzers sold. Allergic symptoms immediately after initiation of dialysis consist of burning retrosternal pain, sensation of diffuse heat, cold perspiration, periorbital and facial edema, flushing, laryngeal stridor, bronchial hypersecretion, hypotension, bradycardia, and loss of consciousness. In 1982 Popli et al. reported four patients suffering from such allergic manifestations; three were successfully managed after being taken off dialysis. These investigators thought that inadequate rinsing of cuprammonium cellulose capillary dialyzers was responsible for the reactions, and recommended rinsing the blood compartment with 2 liters of normal saline, and the dialysate compartment with 10 liters of dialysate, both in a single-pass fashion over 20 minutes. Nichols and Platts (1982) (3) reported 15 patients with urticaria, severe bronchospasm, and shock occurring immediately after the blood had been returned from the dialyzer. These authors suggested that the sterilizing agent, ethylene oxide (ETO), was responsible. Poothullil et al. (1975) (4) described a patient with pruritus, severe dyspnea, and hypotension during dialysis. On the basis of a positive skin prick test (dermal reaction to ETO-exposed human albumin) and of antigen-induced histamine release from peripheral leucocytes, these workers suggested that ETO was responsible for the allergic reactions. Marshall et al. (1984) (5) reported that 8.9% of hemodialysis patients had positive skin tests to ETO and that 12.1% were ETO-radioallergosorbent test (RAST) positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Three cases of hemodialysis-associated hypersensitivity reactions. 405 93

Experiments were conducted using rabbit kidneys stored on ice for 48 hr to elucidate the mode of action of "intracellular" flush solutions. Measurements were made of renal function on a shunt and they were correlated with blood flow and the efficiency of the mechanical expulsion of red cells. By comparison with unflushed, ice-stored kidneys, near complete mechanical expulsion of blood by 30 to 60 min of continuous perfusion with hypertonic Ringer's albumin resulted in significantly higher blood flow with little gain in function. Similarly, increasing the content of nonelectrolyte in Ringer's albumin improved blood flow but not function. A simple flush with a low ionic strength sodium solution (LIE), containing impermeant anions and glucose was superior to that with Ringer's albumin. A high-potassium version of the low ionic strength solution (LIC) was in turn significantly better than LIE for kidney preservation by simple flushing and ice storage. These results were interpreted to mean that whereas mechanical flushing is a relatively minor component of the action of flush solutions, the major benefit results from a reduced sodium and elevated potassium content in the presence of impermeant anions. The primary importance of prevention of cell swelling by the inclusion of nonelectrolytes in "extracellular" flush solutions, is questioned.
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PMID:Experimental observations on the mode of action of "intracellular" flush solution. 636 86


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