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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A soil that had been historically contaminated with Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260 was decontaminated by two surfactant-mediated cleaning procedures that had been chosen to mimic ex-situ washing and in-situ soil flushing processes. A preliminary screening selected four surfactants (from 17 commercial formulations) for their ability to mobilise PCBs from the soil while suffering minimal losses to the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) that was used in a separate back-extraction procedure. The mobilisation was enhanced, with minimal foam formation, by the presence of 17% (v/v) IBMK in the surfactant suspension. Each of the four surfactants, at 1, 3, or 5% (v/v) concentration, was evaluated by (i) 15 successive 10 min sonication-filtrations and (ii) continuous soil column flushing during 20 h. Each filtrate from (i) and samples, taken at hourly intervals, from (ii) were analysed for their PCB and surfactant content. Both extraction procedures mobilised PCBs efficiently when extended for longer periods and were modelled accurately as the sum of a constant and single-term exponential increase to a maximum. The predicted number of replicate stages required to mobilise 50% of the toxicants (t50) varied from 7 to 3 for sonication-washing of the soil (10 g) or from 6.8 to 2.8 h for column flushing of 30 g soil and decreased as the concentration of surfactant in the aqueous phase was increased. The combined PCB-laden aqueous suspensions were then back-extracted efficiently with scCO2 and the eluate was dechlorinated quantitatively as it traversed a short, heated column of silver-iron bimetallic mixture.
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PMID:Approaches to the remediation of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated soil--a laboratory study. 1143 64

Phase behaviour experiments employing PCB (Aroclor 1242)/alcohol/water systems were conducted with ethanol (EtOH) and n-propanol (nPA). Both exhibited an affinity for the aqueous phase within the entire two-phase region. As much as 88% by volume (88% vol.) EtOH and 80% vol. nPA were necessary to achieve full miscibility of the PCB in the aqueous phase. DNAPL-water interfacial tension (IFT) was reduced from 38.9 dyn/cm to 4.7 dyn/cm and 2.4 dyn/cm with 80% vol. EtOH and 76% vol. nPA. The addition of alcohol brought about 41% and 54% reductions in DNAPL viscosity at maximal concentrations of EtOH and nPA. Density of the PCB-DNAPL was relatively unaffected by the presence of alcohol. A series of seven experiments were conducted where successive slugs of nPA and xanthan gum polymer solutions were injected into a fractured shale sample. A 30% vol. nPA solution injected under a hydraulic gradient of 0.36 allowed enhanced PCB removal primarily through reduction of IFT and resulted in 72% DNAPL recovery. Several pore volumes of alcohol solution were necessary to displace all the potentially mobile non-wetting phase since the high-viscosity DNAPL was mobilized at a lower flow rate than the overall fluid velocity, illustrating non-piston displacement. The injection of a 95% vol. nPA alcohol solution, theoretically at a sufficient concentration to produce fully miscible displacement of the residual DNAPL at equilibrium, resulted in non-equilibrium partitioning of the PCB into the flushing solution, likely due to the high fluid velocities in the fracture. The injection of 200 pore volumes of 95% vol. nPA solution resulted in 94% DNAPL recovery. Alcohol floods operated below the miscibility envelope appear to be a valuable source zone remedial alternative where the objective is to reduce DNAPL mobility to zero, but it should be noted that DNAPL mobility is increased during the application of the technology and steps may need to be taken to prevent unwanted vertical mobilization.
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PMID:Removal of PCB-DNAPL from a rough-walled fracture using alcohol/polymer flooding. 1644 83

Foam flushing is an in situ soil remediation technology based on the traditional surfactant flushing method. The mobility control by introduction of foam is helpful in improving this technology. In this study, foam flushing ofpolychlorinatedbiphenyl (PCB)-contaminated media was performed to evaluate the effect of foam mobility on PCB removal. The conductivity and sweep efficiency (SE) of foam with different Triton X-100 concentrations and gas contents through two sands (with permeability of 15 darcy and 120 darcy) were tested. The results indicate that the presence of foam can not only reduce the mobility and increase the SE values of washing agent in single media, but can also reduce the discrepancy of fluid mobility and SE values between different sands, primarily due to the additional capillary resistance arising from the Jamin effect. The increases of PCB removal by foam agreed with the increases of SE values: foam (5.00 g/L) flushing increased the PCB removal from 79.4% by solution flushing to 85.1% for coarse sand, and increased the value from 64.2% to 79.1% for fine sand. When surfactant concentration and gas-liquid ratio vary, the variation of PCB removal showed the same trend with the change of SE, and an opposite trend with the change of foam mobility. High concentration of surfactant (5.00 g/L) and a foam quality of 97.0% are most favourable for the reduction of foam mobility. On the other hand, the negative effect of foam caused by the reduction of effective cross-section will reduce the foam remediation efficiency, especially under a low Triton X-100 concentration condition.
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PMID:Experimental investigation on influence of foam mobility on polychlorinated biphenyl removal in foam flushing. 2464 83