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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Formation of cortical granules was examined in superovulated oocytes from three marsupial species, brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) tammar wallabies (Macropus eugeniii) and grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) and in oocytes obtained during natural cycles in Macropus eugenii. Superovulation was induced by pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin/gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (PMSG/GnRH) protocols and natural ovulation by removal of pouch young. Oocytes were collected after ovariectomy or by laparoscopically guided follicle aspiration into Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) supplemented with either 2.5% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 2.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Ovulated oocytes were collected by removing and flushing the oviducts with HBSS and fixed immediately for electron microscopy. There were no differences in the morphology or timing of formation of cortical granules between superovulated and naturally cycling animals. Cortical granules were absent from germinal vesicle (GV) stage follicular oocytes before the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in all species. Dark cortical granules, similar in appearance to those seen in the oocytes of eutherian mammals, were found just beneath the plasma membrane (9 per 100 microns of plasma membrane) of preovulatory oocytes at germinal vesicle, metaphase 1 or anaphase 1 stages. In addition, they contained a number of less electron-dense cortical granules (12 per 100 microns plasma membrane). The cortical cytoplasm of preovulatory oocytes was rich in Golgi complexes actively involved in vesicle formation. Large numbers of dark cortical granules (90 per 100 microns plasma membrane) were found only in ovulated oocytes. A small number of cortical granules of lighter electron density were also present in ovulated oocytes. This suggests that the marsupial oocyte is following a very different timetable for cortical granule formation and accumulation from eutherian mammals and that oocytes of marsupials may not achieve cytoplasmic maturity until after ovulation. The significance of these events for fertilization and development remains to be established.
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PMID:Evidence that cortical granule formation is a periovulatory event in marsupials. 140 89

Rabbit morulae and blastocysts were cultured in conventional culture media [Ham's F10 or BSM II supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or serum] or in Ham's medium supplemented with synchronous or asynchronous uterine flushings, mostly for 2 days, and afterwards investigated by light and electron microscopy and by autoradiography. Ultrastructure and cell proliferation differed considerably between cultured embryos and noncultured controls. Cultured embryos displayed more dead cells. They were developmentally retarded (predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum rather than the age-specific rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria still round to ovoid shaped) and showed nonspecific signs of cells damage (swollen mitochondria and Golgi complex vesicles, increased number of lysosomes). All these features were also present in embryos grown in uterine flushing-supplemented media, but were less pronounced. Cell damage and impaired cell proliferation had affected trophoblast cells more than embryoblast cells. Endoderm could be differentiated only if culture had been started with blastocysts--not with morulae--and seems to require uterine secretions. No significant ultrastructural differences were observed between embryos cultured in synchronous or in asynchronous uterine flushings. Present results indicate that cultured preimplantation rabbit embryos deviate clearly from those grown in vivo and maintain, for some time, a better cellular structure--and probably function--in the presence of uterine flushings than in conventional culture media. Specific abnormal morphologic features related to a particular medium could not be identified.
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PMID:Ultrastructural and autoradiographic study of preimplantation rabbit embryos grown in conventional or uterine flushing-supplemented culture media. 159 6

Vitronectin (VN) was competitively adsorbed with human serum albumin (HSA), fibrinogen (FGN), and fibronectin (FN) from binary component mixtures in order to compare the relative affinities of these proteins for various polymer materials. Competitive adsorption was monitored by incubating radiolabeled protein solutions inside 0.125-in. i.d. tubing of the polymers, flushing with buffer, and measuring the adherent radioactivity. Adsorption experiments at equal mass concentrations of the competing proteins revealed that VN comprises at least 75% by weight of the adsorbed protein when competitively adsorbed with HSA and approximately 50% by weight when competitively adsorbed with FGN and FN on all surfaces except a poly(ethylene oxide)-based polyurethane where it comprised closer to 80 wt%. When VN was competitively adsorbed in the presence of increasing amounts of HSA, FGN, and FN, the amount of VN adsorbed on a weight basis was diminished the most by FGN. HSA had the least inhibitory effect at low bulk concentrations and FN had the weakest effect at higher bulk concentration levels. When HSA, FGN, and FN were competitively adsorbed in the presence of increasing amounts of VN, VN diminished their adsorption on a weight basis in the order: HSA greater than FN greater than FGN.
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PMID:Competitive adsorption of vitronectin with albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin on polymeric biomaterials. 171 74

Ewes in two trials were given either a high (H) or a low (L) level of premating nutrition for 19 wk followed by 6 wk of either H or L postmating nutrition to examine effects on reproductive performance. Trial 1 ewes were 5- to 8-yr-old Polypays and Trial 2 ewes were 3-yr-old Polypay and Coopworth x Polypay crosses. Ewes given L nutrition premating were either immunized with androstenedione-7-carboxyethylthioether:human serum albumin (also known as ovandrotone or Fecundin) in (diethylamino)ethyl-dextran adjuvant (Trial 1) or flushed for 3 wk premating (Trials 1 and 2) to enhance ovulation rates. All ewes were synchronized for mating in both trials. Trial 1 premating treatments created a difference of 10 kg in BW and 1.1 in condition score units between H and L ewes preflushing; flushing halved the BW difference. Ovulation rates averaged 2.58 and were similar for H, L-flushed, and L-immunized (LI) ewes; however, both conception rate and litter size were lowest for immunized ewes. Among both twin and triple-ovulating ewes, highest mean litter size was produced by H ewes, followed in order by L and LI ewes. High postmating nutrition increased BW by 6 kg vs slight weight loss in L ewes, but postmating treatments did not affect litter size of either twin or triple ovulators. The H and L premating groups of Trial 2 differed by 18 kg and 2.2 condition score units preflushing. The H ewes exhibited higher ovulation rates (overall mean = 2.63) but lower conception than the L ewes to synchronized estrus. Litter size averaged 2.15 for H ewes vs 1.82 for L ewes. Among both twin and triple ovulators, L ewes produced fewer lambs than H ewes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of differential ewe condition at mating and early postmating nutrition on embryo survival. 177 4

The development of cultured rabbit preimplantation embryos grown in standard media (Ham's F-10 or BSM II supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or homologous serum) or in Ham's medium supplemented with uterine flushings was compared. The uterine flushings derived from donors of 0.5-6 years of age. Uterine flushing supplemented media were used natively or after treatments like sterilization by filtration, lyophilization, three times freezing/thawing, heat denaturation, dialysis, or ultrafiltration. Compared with in vivo controls, embryonic growth was substantially reduced during in vitro culture, demonstrably by smaller diameters and impaired cell proliferation (measured by thymidine incorporation). The growth retardation was more pronounced in blastocysts (recovered at day 4 post coitum [p.c.]) than in morulae (recovered at day 3 p.c.). Development in uterine flushing media was notably better than in standard media but did not comply with in vivo development. Highest thymidine incorporation was observed in media with increased concentrations of uterine secretions and after sequential supplementation of flushings from subsequent progestational stages. Advanced donor ages, heating up to 80 degrees C, freezing, and lyophilizing did not affect incorporation data statistically significantly, whereas sterilization by filtration, ultrafiltration, and dialysis led to a significantly reduced thymidine incorporation in the cultured embryos. The positive effects of uterine flushing supplementation are attributed to the supply of components more adjusted to the needs of the cultured embryos and/or to a reduction of pathological effects in vitro like washing out of nutritive and regulatory components from the embryo into the surrounding culture medium.
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PMID:Development of preimplantation rabbit embryos in uterine flushing-supplemented culture media. 207 37

Antisera raised against glutamate or aspartate bound to bovine serum albumin were purified by affinity chromatography, and their specificities were verified by immunoblotting and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical investigation using materials perfusion-fixed after long flushing demonstrated distinct laminar terminals with glutamate- or aspartate-like immunoreactivity throughout the limbic structures. This technique may offer a valuable tool for revealing the distribution of glutamatergic or aspartatergic nerve terminals.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical visualization of glutamate- and aspartate-containing nerve terminal pools in the rat limbic structures. 288 19

During her 26th week of pregnancy a 20-year-old woman developed generalized pruritus, urticaria, flushing, tinnitus, and tachycardia during plasmapheresis with 5% human serum albumin (HSA) as adjunctive treatment for anti-Kell isoimmunization. The reaction was controlled with intravenous diphenhydramine. Despite pretreatment with diphenhydramine and betamethasone a subsequent attempt to perform plasmapheresis with infusion of 5% HSA resulted in a more severe reaction which progressed to respiratory distress. Intradermal skin testing with 5% HSA produced a 9 x 11-mm wheal and 17 x 21-mm erythema at 15 minutes. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was positive for IgE antibody to 5% HSA before and after dialysis for removal of Na caprylate. These results are consistent with an IgE-mediated basis for this patient's reaction to HSA.
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PMID:Anaphylaxis to human serum albumin. 230 85

Reaction of sulfhydryl-containing compounds, RSH, with Ce4+ in the presence of the spin trap phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone results in the appearance of a nitroxide ESR spectrum, which is greatly diminished if the sulfhydryl group is blocked prior to reaction. The spectra have short lifetimes which can be increased two- to fivefold to half-lives of 5-60 min by prior flushing of the solutions with nitrogen. For small molecules, such as cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, and 2-mercaptoethanol, the spectrum is that of a freely rotating nitroxide while for the proteins, bovine serum albumin and myosin, the spectrum is characteristic of a strongly immobilized nitroxide spin label rigidly attached to the protein. Since Ce4+ is reported to oxidize the sulfhydryl group via the thiyl radical, RS, the following reactions are proposed to account for the formation of the nitroxide: (formula; see text) These reactions permit the spin labeling of sulfhydryl proteins such that the nitroxide is much closer to the point of attachment than when using conventional spin-labeling methods.
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PMID:Spin labeling of protein sulfhydryl groups by spin trapping a sulfur radical: application to bovine serum albumin and myosin. 631 94

The hydrostatic pressures generated during controlled flushing of the mouse uterus increased at implantation and under conditions of uterine closure. These pressures may be responsible for inducing tissue damage during flushing. The possibility that samples collected by flushing might be contaminated with interstitial fluid or plasma was studied using intravenously administered 51Cr-labelled EDTA and 125I-labelled human serum albumin as markers. The presence of both tracers was detected in all flushings and was greatest in flushings from uteri with luminal closure and early implantation sites. These observations raise serious doubts about the validity of the flushing technique for analysing uterine luminal constituents in mice.
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PMID:The resistance of the mouse uterine lumen to flushing and possible contamination of samples by plasma and interstitial fluid. 642 58

In this report we review the pharmacology of the hypoglycemic sulfonylurea drugs. The early work with sulfonylureas is briefly described. The pharmacokinetics of first-generation sulfonylureas, such as tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide and tolazamide, are described. The first-generation sulfonylureas are compared with second-generation sulfonylureas such as glyburide, glipizide and glibornuride. These latter drugs have a more nonpolar or lipophilic side chain, which results in a marked increase in their hypoglycemic potency. Because of the low serum concentration required for effective therapy, it is necessary to measure the serum concentration of second-generation sulfonylureas by gas-liquid chromatography or radioimmunoassay. The second-generation sulfonylureas do not produce facial flushing after ethanol ingestion (Antabuse effect) and are not uricosuric. Glyburide (but not glipizide or glibornuride) has been evaluated for its effect on water excretion. Glyburide not only does not increase water retention but in fact also increases free water clearance. The second-generation sulfonylureas bind to human serum albumin by nonionic forces in contrast with tolbutamide and chlorpropamide which bind by ionic forces. Thus, anionic drugs such as phenylbutazone, warfarin and salicylate do not displace glyburide from albumin as they displace tolbutamide and chlorpropamide. Therefore, it may be safer to administer the second-generation sulfonylureas than the more polar sulfonylureas when concurrent administration of other pharmacologic agents is likely. The sulfonylurea drugs lower plasma glucose concentrations in diabetic patients by stimulating insulin secretion and by potentiating the biologic effect of the insulin on such tissues as skeletal muscle, fat and liver. The mechanism of the latter so-called extra-pancreatic effect may be activated by increasing the deficient numbers of insulin receptors on muscle, fat or liver cells.
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PMID:The pharmacology of sulfonylureas. 678 41


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