Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipid abnormalities are seen frequently in renal transplant patients. Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. We assessed the efficacy and safety of the lipid-lowering drugs, nicotinic acid (short acting) and lovastatin, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Twelve renal transplant patients who had persistent hyperlipidemia despite 6 weeks of dietary treatment participated in this prospective, randomized, open-labeled crossover trial. At 16 weeks, when compared with control values, nicotinic acid (> or = 1.5 g twice a day) significantly reduced the total cholesterol (from 312 +/- 18 [+/- SEM] mg/dL to 229 +/- 19 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 218 +/- 15 mg/dL to 142 +/- 13 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 44 +/- 3 mg/dL to 58 +/- 5 mg/dL; P = 0.03). The triglyceride level was reduced from 255 +/- 40 mg/dL to 150 +/- 23 mg/dL (P = 0.09). At 16 weeks, lovastatin therapy (40 mg/d) significantly reduced the total cholesterol (from 285 +/- 13 mg/dL to 233 +/- 10 mg/dL; P = 0.005) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 201 +/- 11 mg/dL to 147 +/- 7 mg/dL; P = 0.001). There were no significant changes in the triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Although flushing developed in 67% of patients treated with nicotinic acid, this was not a reason for any of the study dropouts. During this short-term study period no adverse biochemical effects were noted with either of the drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of nicotinic acid and lovastatin in renal transplant patients: a prospective, randomized, open-labeled crossover trial. 770 60

Chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) is the first clear embryonic signal during early pregnancy in primates. CG has close structural and functional similarities to pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) which is regulated by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). To study the regulatory mechanism of CG secretion in primate embryos, we examined the production and timing of secretion of GnRH in peri-implantation embryos of the rhesus monkey. In-vivo fertilized/developed morulae and early blastocysts, recovered from non-superovulated, naturally-bred rhesus monkeys by non-surgical uterine flushing, were cultured in vitro to hatched, attached and post-attached blastocyst stages using a well-established culture system. We measured GnRH and CG in media samples from cultured embryos with a sensitive radioimmunoassay and bioassay, respectively. The secretion of GnRH (pg/ml; mean +/- SEM) by embryos (n = 20) commenced from low levels (0.32 +/- 0.05) during the pre-hatching blastocyst stage to 0.70 +/- 0.08 at 6-12 days and 1.30 +/- 0.23 at > or = 13 days of hatched blastocyst attachment and proliferation of trophoblast cells. GnRH concentrations in culture media obtained from embryos (n = 5) that failed to hatch and attach were mostly undetectable (< or = 0.1). Samples that did not contain detectable GnRH failed to show detectable CG. Immunocytochemical studies, using a specific monoclonal anti-GnRH antibody (HU4H) as well as polyclonal antisera (LR-1), revealed that immunopositive GnRH cells were localized in pre-hatching blastocysts (n = 4), in blastocysts (n = 2) after 5-10 days of attachment and in monolayer cultures (n = 4) of well-established embryonic trophoblast cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone by peri-implantation embryos of the rhesus monkey: comparison with the secretion of chorionic gonadotrophin. 796 38

Animal models for studying the developmental effects of maternal drug abuse are often based on chronic exposure of the pregnant rat. The suitability of animal models, however, has been constrained by the availability of an appropriate route of administration. The commonly employed SC and PO routes of administration fail to mimic the rapidly peaking pharmacokinetic profile observed in humans with licit (e.g., nicotine) and illicit (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) drugs abused via inhalation or i.v. injection. The present study provides a method for the routine use of an i.v. administration model in pregnant and/or group-housed rats. Prior to mating, young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized (ketamine/xylazine) for catheterization. A sterile Intracath i.v. catheter (22 ga., Becton/Dickinson) with a Luer-lock injection cap (Medex) was cut to approximately 8 cm and used as a SC dorsally implanted port for chronic i.v. injections. The distal end of the catheter was inserted into the jugular vein and threaded centrally. Catheter patency was maintained by daily flushing with 0.2 ml of heparinized saline. Following 1 week of surgical recovery, the mean (median)number of estrus cycles to impregnation was 2.5(2). The mean (+/- SEM) duration of catheter patency was 36.6 +/- 1.2 days and was in excess of 30 days for all animals (n = 22). Cocaine at a dose of 3 mg/kg (GD8-14 x 1/day, GD15-20 x 2/day) had no significant effect on dam weight gain, gestation length, litter size, sex ratio, or birth weight. In sum, a subcutaneously implanted port provides a procedure for the routine i.v. administration of drugs to pregnant and/or group-housed rats which avoids (a) the use of anesthesia/surgery during pregnancy, (b) the stress (restraint and/or thermal dilation) associated with tail vein injection, (c) the difficulties of mating and single housing associated with tethered i.v. catheters, and (d) in the case of cocaine, precludes the potential confounds of any drug-induced non-i.v. parenteral lesions.
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PMID:Chronic intravenous model for studies of drug (Ab)use in the pregnant and/or group-housed rat: an initial study with cocaine. 805 93

From 2 to 4.5 months of age, 80 crossbred gilts were reared in a conventional grower unit where they were naturally exposed to mycoplasmal and bacterial pathogens that cause pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis. At 4.5 months of age, gilts were moved to environmentally regulated rooms (4.9 x 7.3 m) and assigned at random to 1 of 2 treatment groups: low aerial concentration of ammonia (4 to 12 ppm; mean, 7 ppm) or moderate aerial concentration of ammonia (26 to 45 ppm, mean, 35 ppm). Low concentration of ammonia was obtained by flushing of manure pits weekly, whereas moderate concentration of ammonia was maintained by adding anhydrous ammonia to manure pits that were not flushed. Gilts were weighed biweekly. Mean daily gain (MDG) was less (P < 0.01) for gilts exposed to moderate concentration of ammonia than for gilts exposed to low concentration of ammonia after 2 weeks in their respective environments. By 4 and 6 weeks, however, MDG was similar between the 2 treatment groups. After 6 weeks in these environments, 20 gilts from each treatment group were slaughtered, and prevalence and severity of lung lesions and snout grades were determined. At slaughter, body weight was greater (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to low, rather than moderate, ammonia concentration (94.5 vs 86.8 kg; SEM, 3.3 kg). Percentage of lung tissue containing lesions (18 vs 12) and snout grade (2.8 vs 3.1) were similar between gilts exposed to low or moderate concentration of ammonia. The remaining 20 gilts in each treatment group were maintained in their respective environments, exposed daily to mature boars and bred at first estrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Growth and reproductive performance, during exposure to ammonia, of gilts afflicted with pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis. 811 50

This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of monotherapy with felodipine and enalapril in patients with essential hypertension using a double-blind randomised crossover design. Thirty-five subjects (22 male, 13 female--ages: median 48 years, range 31-69 years) entered the randomised phases of the study and 32 subjects completed the study. Following a 4-week run-in placebo phase, the treatments were felodipine ("Plendil ER") 5-20 mg and enalapril 5-20 mg orally once daily for 8 weeks, each with matching placebos. Dose titration was at 2 and/or 4 weeks in each phase. Number of subjects with each different end-of-phase dose were for felodipine: 5 mg--8, 10 mg--11, 20 mg--13 and enalapril: 5 mg--6, 10 mg--9, 20 mg--17. Predose supine blood pressure (mean +/- SEM) was reduced in both active treatment phases compared with the run-in phase (159 + 2/101 +/- 1), but there was no significant difference in blood pressure between the active phases: felodipine 143 +/- 2/90 +/- 1 and enalapril 146 +/- 2/92 +/- 1. The most common adverse effects were for felodipine: headache, flushing, ankle swelling; and for enalapril: cough. Felodipine and enalapril as once daily monotherapy are thus of similar antihypertensive efficacy but with predictably different adverse effect profiles.
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PMID:Comparison of felodipine and enalapril monotherapy in essential hypertension. 819 32

1. To assess the influence of counterregulatory hormones, independently of neuroglycopaenia, on higher cerebral (cognitive) function, 'hypoglycaemic' warning symptoms and glucose kinetics, 10 healthy subjects participated in two hyperinsulinaemic (2 m-units min-1 kg-1) glucose clamp studies. After 100 min of euglycaemia (plasma glucose level 5 mmol/l), the plasma glucose level was either (a) maintained at 5 mmol/l for 120 min by glucose infusion with concomitant replacement of counterregulatory hormones (continuous infusions of glucagon, adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone) to mimic the hormonal milieu normally associated with hypoglycaemia (hormone infusion study) or (b) lowered to 2.8 mmol/l for 120 min (hypoglycaemia study). Assessments were made of cognitive function (P300 auditory evoked responses), symptoms (visual analogue scales) and glucose kinetics (3-[3H]glucose). 2. Hypoglycaemia was associated with an increase in all symptoms (facial flushing, palpitations, tingling, trembling, sweating, hunger, light-headedness and sleepiness, P < 0.01) and all subjects were aware that blood glucose levels had fallen. P300 evoked potential latency increased from 280 +/- 6 to 312 +/- 5 ms (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.01). In contrast, P300 latency and several individual symptoms (hunger, facial flushing, sweating and light-headedness) did not change from baseline during the hormone infusion study (P < 0.05 versus hypoglycaemia). Hepatic glucose production was lower (1.5 +/- 0.4 versus 2.3 +/- 0.3 mg min-1 kg-1, P < 0.05) and peripheral glucose uptake was higher (7.4 +/- 1.0 versus 5.6 +/- 0.6 mg min-1 kg-1, P < 0.01) during infusion of the hormones compared with during hypoglycaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of counterregulatory hormones, independently of hypoglycaemia, on cognitive function, warning symptoms and glucose kinetics. 840 88

The earliest time of secretion of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) by primate embryos and its role during preimplantation development and implantation are not clearly determined. We cultured in-vivo fertilized/developed zona-intact, morphologically normal morulae (n = 11) and early blastocysts (n = 11), freshly recovered (by non-surgical uterine flushing) on days 5 and 6 of pregnancy, respectively (day 0 = the day following LH surge), from non-superovulated naturally bred rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Embryos were cultured for a minimum of 24 days in dishes containing 1 ml of CMRL-1066 supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37 degrees C. The culture medium was changed every 48 h. The percentage of hatched blastocysts, developed from morulae and early blastocysts, was 90.9; elapsed times (mean +/- SEM) were 67.8 +/- 4.4 h (morula) and 37.8 +/- 3.6 h (blastocyst). The minimum number of Hoechst-stained cells/hatched blastocyst was 531. The mean diameter (+/- SEM) of cultured embryos increased from 180 microns at the beginning of culture to 374 +/- 28 and 450 +/- 19 microns at the fully expanded and hatched blastocyst stages, respectively. Hatched blastocysts continued to expand (maximum diameter: 1125 +/- 25 microns); after an additional 94-96 h they attached firmly to the serum-coated dishes and produced highly proliferating multinucleate trophectodermal cells, extending to a maximum diameter of 2-6 mm by 11-21 days of culture. Biologically active CG in embryo-grown, serial spent media samples was measured in a mouse Leydig cell bioassay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In-vitro development of in-vivo produced rhesus monkey morulae and blastocysts to hatched, attached, and post-attached blastocyst stages: morphology and early secretion of chorionic gonadotrophin. 847 35

Flushing hepatic grafts immediately before revascularization with a specially designed rinse solution such as "Carolina rinse" has been reported to improve survival after liver transplantation in the rat. This study investigated the influence of Carolina rinse and adenosine rinse on early graft function, microcirculation, and leukocyte (WBC)-endothelial cell interaction of arterialized syngeneic orthotopic liver transplants in Lewis rats. Livers were preserved for 24 hr in University of Wisconsin solution and flushed immediately before reperfusion with either Ringer's lactate (group A: n = 7), Ringer's lactate + 0.2 mmol/liter adenosine (group B: n = 6), or Carolina rinse (group C: n = 7). Microvascular perfusion and WBC accumulation were assessed by intravital fluorescence microscopy. In group C, acinar perfusion was significantly improved, accompanied by a lower percentage of nonperfused sinusoids 1 hr after reperfusion (mean +/- SEM: 26 +/- 2% [group A], 21 +/- 2% [B], 11 +/- 1% [C], P < 0.01 for C vs. A or B). In addition, Carolina rinse and, to a lesser extent, adenosine rinse reduced the number of WBC sticking in sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules. Better graft function in group C was indicated by increased bile flow during the observation period of 90 min after reperfusion (0.5 +/- 0.3 ml/100 g liver [group A], 1.5 +/- 0.7 [B], 3.7 +/- 0.6 [C], P < 0.01 for C vs. A or B). We conclude that Carolina rinse is able to improve early excretory hepatocellular function, microvascular perfusion, and intrahepatic WBC accumulation after prolonged cold ischemia and reperfusion, but adenosine is unlikely to be the key component of this rinse solution.
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PMID:Effects of Carolina rinse and adenosine rinse on microvascular perfusion and intrahepatic leukocyte-endothelium interaction after liver transplantation in the rat. 849 9

Embryo survival following non-surgical embryo recovery was studied in 66 superovulated dairy heifers. Blood samples were collected at uterine flushing (6.5 days after a single AI), 72 h after flushing and then every 7 days until estrus or until pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum. Luteolytic effect by uterine flushing was detected in three heifers 72 h following flushing (progesterone values < 1 ng/ml plasma). From the remaining animals 11 (17.5%) remained pregnant and 52 returned to estrus. In four heifers, embryo loss was registered 48 days after AI. Seven heifers developed gestation to term: five resulted in single and two in twin normal births. Progesterone concentrations in all samples from heifers in which embryo loss occurred were higher than in those with pregnancy to term. For non-pregnant heifers, the average interval between uterine flushing and the following spontaneous estrus was 16.6 +/- 1.3 days (+/- SEM). It was concluded that uterine flushing did not induce luteolysis in most heifers, and after uterine flushing, embryos remaining in the uterus were capable of developing through pregnancy to term.
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PMID:Embryo survival following non-surgical embryo recovery in superovulated dairy heifers. 859 84

In this prospective study, we examined the possible diagnostic value of the measurement of two endometrial proteins, placental protein-14 (PP14) and CA-125, in the evaluation of pre- and post-menopausal bleeding. Concentrations of these two proteins were measured in plasma and uterine flushings obtained from 139 pre- and post-menopausal women with bleeding problems, and 26 normal post-menopausal control women without bleeding. Endometrial biopsy samples were also obtained for histological study. Concentrations of PP14 in both the plasma and uterine flushings in post-menopausal women were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those of control pre-menopausal women. In post-menopausal women, the concentrations of PP14 (mean +/- SEM) in both plasma and flushing were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in women with endometrial adenocarcinoma (46.9+/-7.5 ng/ml plasma; 3350+/-1711 ng/ml flushing) than in the controls (7.6+/-1.3 ng/ml plasma; 125+/-27 ng/ml flushing) or in women with post-menopausal bleeding and atrophic endometrium (20.4+/-2.1 ng/ml plasma; 453+/-167 ng/ml flushing). In contrast CA-125 concentrations in plasma and flushings were similar in post-menopausal and pre-menopausal women. Plasma concentrations of CA-125 were higher in post-menopausal women with adenocarcinoma (29.1+/-7.4 IU/ml) than in those with post-menopausal bleeding and atrophic endometrium (21.8+/-2 IU/ml) (P < 0.05) or control post-menopausal subjects (16.1+/-2.1 IU/ml) (P < 0.01). CA-125 concentrations in uterine flushings were not significantly different in any group of post-menopausal women. The results show that concentrations of PP14 are correlated more strongly to endometrial histopathology than those of CA-125 in pre- and post-menopausal women. Elevated PP14 concentrations are also associated with the presence of endometrial adenocarcinoma and may have a potential to be used as a marker for this disease.
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PMID:Is the measurement of placental protein-14 and CA-125 in plasma and uterine flushings useful in the evaluation of peri-menopausal and post-menopausal bleeding? 980 52


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