Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A technique is described for recovery of preimplantation embryos from squirrel monkeys. Monkeys were induced to ovulate after 4-5 days treatment with 1 mg of follicle stimulating hormone followed by 500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Natural mating or artificial insemination was done near the time of ovulation. AT 36 hours and 11 days after HCG administration, laparoscopic examinations were done to determine if ovulation had occurred. 4-7 days and 15-17 days after HCG administration, warmed saline solution was flushed through the uterine lumen. This was accomplished under laparoscopic control through a needle inserted through the adbominal wall and the uterine fundus into the uterine lumen. Flushed fluid was recovered from the vagina with a pipette or a catheter. Fluid recovery averaged 65.4%. In 1 animal, 10 such flushings were done without ill effect. After 58 flushings, 6 unfertilized ova and 2 preimplantation blastocysts were recovered. Results indicated that the zona pellucida of the squirrel monkey ovum is lost at a younger age than the human's or baboon's as reported by others. This could imply earlier ovum entry into the uterus and earlier embryonic development.
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PMID:Recovery of preimplantation blastocysts in the squirrel monkey by a laparoscopic technique. 14 77

Cervical secretions of clover-affected and control ewes in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle were obtained by flushing the anterior vagina. The flushings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and enzyme activities, and were found to be similar to the secretions of the normal ovine uterus. There was significantly more protein, carbohydrate and acid-soluble glycoprotein but less alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylglycosidases (EC 3.2.1.30 and 3.2.1.53) and ribonuclease I in the vaginal flushings of clover-affected ewes. The observed changes were not due to more inflammation in the cervix of clover-affected ewes as there were fewer bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells and no elevation of lysozomal enzyme activities in their flushings. It is suggested that the cervix of the clover-affected ewe behaves as though under a stronger than normal oestrogenic stimulation during dioestrus.
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PMID:Enzyme activities and protein and carbohydrate concentrations in cervical secretions at dioestrus in normal ewes and ewes with permanent phytooestrogenic infertility. 56 72

Streptococcus agalactiae transmitted to infants from the vagina during birth is an important cause of invasive neonatal infection. We have done a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre study of chlorhexidine prophylaxis to prevent neonatal disease due to vaginal transmission of S agalactiae. On arrival in the delivery room, swabs were taken for culture from the vaginas of 4483 women who were expecting a full-term single birth. Vaginal flushing was then done with either 60 ml chlorhexidine diacetate (2 g/l) (2238 women) or saline placebo (2245) and this procedure was repeated every 6 h until delivery. The rate of admission of babies to special-care neonatal units within 48 h of delivery was the primary end point. For babies born to placebo-treated women, maternal carriage of S agalactiae was associated with a significant increase in the rate of admission compared with non-colonised mothers (5.4 vs 2.4%; RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.39-3.86; p = 0.002). Chlorhexidine reduced the admission rate for infants born of carrier mothers to 2.8% (RR 1.95, 95% CI 0.94-4.03), and for infants born to all mothers to 2.0% (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.16; p = 0.04). Maternal S agalactiae colonisation is associated with excess early neonatal morbidity, apparently related to aspiration of the organism, that can be reduced with chlorhexidine disinfection of the vagina during labour.
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PMID:Prevention of excess neonatal morbidity associated with group B streptococci by vaginal chlorhexidine disinfection during labour. The Swedish Chlorhexidine Study Group. 135

Previous studies have shown that vaginal colonization resistance in monkeys can be eliminated by amoxycillin and restored by flushing vaginal flora from a healthy monkey into the vagina of a monkey colonized with Escherichia coli. The hypothesis that the effect of amoxycillin resulted from elimination of parts of the normal flora was tested in the present study. Nine monkeys were flushed vaginally with amoxycillin daily for six days. The number of anaerobic bacteria decreased during amoxycillin administration, as did the number of species isolated. The most obvious effects were observed among the genera Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus, while Lactobacillus spp. were less affected. Restoration of the flora after amoxycillin administration was slow in most of the monkeys. During amoxycillin administration, all monkeys became colonized spontaneously with E. coli. This was not, however, associated with increased adherence in vitro. The colonization persisted throughout the study period (29 days). It was concluded that amoxycillin disturbs vaginal colonization resistance by eliminating at least part of the normal vaginal flora, thereby promoting periurethral colonization with enterobacteria.
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PMID:The effect of amoxycillin on vaginal colonization resistance and normal vaginal flora in monkeys. 159 1

A vaginal spermicide of high molecular copolymer, ethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HFMC), was introduced through a small tube into the mouse's vagina and made to adhere to it's wall, causing a pH alteration in the vaginal environment. Matching experiments showed that the sperms were killed or/and lost their mobility and vitality owing to the infertile acidic environment. The fertility could be restored when the HFMC dissolved gradually. But the delivering time was delayed for about 112-118 days versus the control (P less than 0.001). The fertility could also be restored artificially by flushing out the copolymer with solvent DMSO. In this case the delivering time was consistent with the control (P greater than 0.05).
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PMID:[Study of a high molecular copolymer HFMC in vaginal irrigation for contraception in mice]. 263 Apr 17

This review delves into the mode of action of IUDs in greater detail than the commonly held theory that IUDs prevent implantation: it discusses whether IUDs affect fertilization, gamete migration or development of fertilized ova. In order to determine whether IUDs prevent fertilization, noninvasive methods of detecting fertilization, or very early pregnancy tests, would be necessary. Two approaches are to assay an alleged immunosuppressive early pregnancy factor, and to design extremely sensitive assays for trophoblastic gonadotrophin (hCG). In fertile cycles, such studies found a 6 to 57% incidence of fertilized ova that did not result in pregnancy. Comparable studies in IUD users sought a transient rise in hCG. Some researchers have seen a fleeting hCG with standard assays, but one laboratory using a new immunoradiometric assay found hCG in only 0.9% of cycles in IUD users. Following sperm or egg migration in women is possible by flushing the vagina and endocervix, or the tubes during surgery. Normally sperm can reach the oviduct in 2 hours and remain viable as long as 85 hours. With an IUD in place, several searches recovered no sperm in the tubes, presumably they were phagocytosed. Copper IUDs especially reduced numbers of sperm, and those found often had heads decapitated from tails. Ovum migration in IUD wearers was not appreciably affected through the oviduct, but few eggs were found in the uterus, again far fewer were found in copper IUD users. Looking at ova that were detected in IUD users, none were developing normally, the rest were classified as either abnormal or uncertain. Ova from copper IUD users were distinctive for being without vitellus and surrounded by macrophages. This preliminary research as a whole suggests that IUDs affect events prior to implantation, specifically ovum development in the tubes, sperm migration, and ovum transport in the uterus.
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PMID:The mode of action of IUDs. 331 25

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the fate of sperm following uterine insemination. In Exp. I, five pairs of Holstein cows were inseminated with egg yolk-Tris extended semen (approximately 1.0 X 10(9) sperm; .5 ml) from five ejaculates from a single bull that had high levels (approximately 70%) of morphologically abnormal sperm. Cows were slaughtered 12 h after insemination. The genital tracts were removed and promptly clamped into defined regions. Sperm were recovered by flushing with 2.9% sodium citrate buffer. Proportions of abnormal sperm in the various regions were compared with those in the inseminate. Sperm numbers were also determined from each region. Regions of the tract varied in number of sperm (P less than .001), proportions of knobbed acrosomes (P less than .001), tapered heads (P less than .001), protoplasmic droplets (P less than .001), tail abnormalities (P less than .029) and total abnormalities (P less than .002). A total of 63.5 +/- 6.4 X 10(6) sperm was recovered. These sperm were distributed throughout the tract as follows: vagina, 91.8%; cervix, 5.4%; uterine horns, 2.7%, and uterotubal junctions-isthmi, .04%. No sperm were recovered from ampullae. Because retrograde movement of sperm from the uterus occurred in Exp. I, we conducted Exp. II to determine the extent of sperm loss from the genital tract following insemination. Three pairs of Holstein cows were inseminated with .42 X 10(9) sperm (.5 ml; egg yolk-Tris extender) from the same bull used in Exp. I (three ejaculates). All discharged mucus and urine was collected for 12 h after insemination for recovery of sperm. Aspirates (approximately 1 ml) of mucus from the vagina were evaluated during the 12-h post-insemination period for numbers of sperm and leucocytes. Sperm were also recovered from the tract following slaughter (approximately 12 h) to determine retention. Overall, 73 +/- 3.7% of inseminated sperm were recovered. Components were: inseminate lost from the genital tract in discharged mucus, 60 +/- 4.6%; lost in urine, .06 +/- .02%; aspirated from the vagina, 4.4 +/- 1%; adhered to equipment, 1.3 +/- .3%, and retained in the genital tract, 6.5 +/- 1.6%. Predicted numbers of sperm contained in discharged mucus 2 h post-insemination were greater (P less than .009) than at subsequent hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution and retention of spermatozoa with acrosomal and nuclear abnormalities in the cow genital tract. 406 46

The efficacy of intravaginal administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha) in induction of abortion was determined in a clinical trial of 16 gravidas aged 21-38, parity 0-4, between the 6th-11th weeks of pregnancy. PGF2alpha tablet (50 mg) was inserted into the posterior fornix of the vagina and repeated at 1-2 hour intervals; dose range varied from 50-250 mg. Slight to severe labor-like pain was felt by all patients in the lower abdominal region 20 minutes-4 hours after PGF2alpha administration. Vaginal bleeding occurred within 30 minutes-8 hours. In all but 1 case, the fetus and the villi were expelled broken into small pieces. All 16 patients aborted, 7 completely and 9 incompletely. This form of administration is deemed efficacious as 3 patients aborted completely within 5 hours and 4 aborted completely between 15-18 hours. Bleeding in most cases occurred following the onset of abdominal pain, 30 minutes-8 hours after treatment. In another clinical trial, the efficacy of intravaginal administration of PGF2alpha in inducing menstruation was tested in 10 volunteers aged 31-40. Either 50 or 25 mg PGF2alpha tablets were used. The patients recorded their basal body temperature (BBT) every morning. Menstruation was successfully induced in 6 of 10 patients. 6 patients treated 2-3 days before the expected date of menstruation had menstrual-like bleeding 1-9 hours after PGF2alpha administration. 3 patients treated 5, 7, and 13 days (a day before BBT shift) before the expected date of menstruation did not have vaginal bleeding. 1 patient, with monophasic BBT who was treated 3 days before the expected menstruation, did not have menstrual bleeding. Amount of induced flow was more or less the same in most patients; duration of flow was normal in all cases. The mechanism of action of PG in menstruation induction is not known. The authors speculate that PGF2alpha mechanically stimulates separation of the superficial endometrium from the remainder of the uterine wall when the endometrium is in the premenstrual state. Side effects noted were nausea, diarrhea, pyrexia, slight flushing of the face, and headache.
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PMID:The induction of abortion and menstruation by the intravaginal administration of prostaglandin F 2a . 470 6

Using a colony of Wistar-Imamichi rats contaminated with P. pneumotropica, the vaginal microflora was qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by swabbing. P. pneumotropica was the most dominant organism in the majority of rats examined. The population of P. pneumotropica and indigenous bacteria increased significantly higher at oestrus than in other oestrous stages. By the vaginal flushing technique changes in the population of P. pneumotropica and total bacteria, and changes in vaginal cell type and bacterial counts adhering to vaginal epithelial cells were consecutively investigated. The populations of P. pneumotropica and total bacteria were maximal at oestrus. The increase was correlated with an increase in cornified non-nucleated cells, with large numbers of adherent Gram-negative coccobacilli. The findings indicate that the vagina is a suitable site for colonization by P. pneumotropica in adult female rats, and that proliferation of P. pneumotropica may be due to increased affinity of the organism for cornified non-nucleated cells.
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PMID:Proliferation of Pasteurella pneumotropica at oestrus in the vagina of rats. 668 95

A total of 23 mares were inseminated once within 0-6 h after clinical detection of ovulation, 14 with fresh and 9 with deep-frozen semen containing 0.1 x 10(9) to 4.7 x 10(9) motile spermatozoa. Within these two groups, the mares were slaughtered 2, 4 or 6 h after insemination and their genital tracts removed. The utero-tubal junction, isthmus and ampulla ipsilateral to the ovary in which ovulation occurred were flushed separately for sperm recovery. In 1 or 2 mares of each group, the uterine horn and corpus uteri, the cervix and vagina were also flushed. Tissue samples were collected from the contralateral oviduct and the other genital regions and prepared for scanning electron microscopy to show spermatozoa distribution in situ. Flushings were also prepared for scanning electron microscopy. There were no significant differences in the extent of sperm migration and in the number of spermatozoa in the different regions of the oviduct 2, 4 or 6 h after insemination of fresh or frozen semen. There was, however, a striking difference in sperm number within the time intervals examined; the numbers were greatest at 4 h after insemination. SEM of spermatozoa in the various regions of the oviducts failed to indicate any alterations to the sperm-head membranes that could be associated with sperm capacitation. The majority of spermatozoa found in the uterotubal junction, isthmus and ampulla showed morphological integrity.
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PMID:An investigation of sperm migration into the oviducts of the mare. 696


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