Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A technique is described for recovery of preimplantation embryos from squirrel monkeys. Monkeys were induced to ovulate after 4-5 days treatment with 1 mg of follicle stimulating hormone followed by 500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Natural mating or artificial insemination was done near the time of ovulation. AT 36 hours and 11 days after HCG administration, laparoscopic examinations were done to determine if ovulation had occurred. 4-7 days and 15-17 days after HCG administration, warmed saline solution was flushed through the uterine lumen. This was accomplished under laparoscopic control through a needle inserted through the adbominal wall and the uterine fundus into the uterine lumen. Flushed fluid was recovered from the vagina with a pipette or a catheter. Fluid recovery averaged 65.4%. In 1 animal, 10 such flushings were done without ill effect. After 58 flushings, 6 unfertilized ova and 2 preimplantation blastocysts were recovered. Results indicated that the zona pellucida of the squirrel monkey ovum is lost at a younger age than the human's or baboon's as reported by others. This could imply earlier ovum entry into the uterus and earlier embryonic development.
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PMID:Recovery of preimplantation blastocysts in the squirrel monkey by a laparoscopic technique. 14 77

Ovulation in the tammar wallaby alternates between the ovaries. The genital duct of each side enters the median vaginal culs-de-sac separately. Post-partum oestrus occurred 0.4 days after birth and ovulation 1 day later. After a single copulation spermatozoa were found in both cervical canals at 0.5 h and extended to the oviduct on the non-parturient side only by 8 h. Very few spermatozoa were found in sections of the post-partum uterus or its associated oviduct at any time. Spermatozoa were recovered by flushing from both sides but the numbers were 2-20 times greater in the non-parturient than in the post-partum side: the greatest difference occurred in the cervical canals 2-5 h after copulation. In females which had undergone a previous infertile cycle, spermatozoa were abundant in both cervices and both uteri. It is concluded that the differential distribution of spermatozoa in post-partum animals was (1) due to failure of transport in the recently pregnant side of the tract, rather than attraction of spermatozoa to the ovulation side, and (2) established at the cervix which, on the ovulation side, provides a reservoir of spermatozoa for 24 h after copulation.
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PMID:Differential transport of spermatozoa into the two sides of the genital tract of a monovular marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). 56 11

Cervical secretions of clover-affected and control ewes in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle were obtained by flushing the anterior vagina. The flushings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and enzyme activities, and were found to be similar to the secretions of the normal ovine uterus. There was significantly more protein, carbohydrate and acid-soluble glycoprotein but less alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylglycosidases (EC 3.2.1.30 and 3.2.1.53) and ribonuclease I in the vaginal flushings of clover-affected ewes. The observed changes were not due to more inflammation in the cervix of clover-affected ewes as there were fewer bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells and no elevation of lysozomal enzyme activities in their flushings. It is suggested that the cervix of the clover-affected ewe behaves as though under a stronger than normal oestrogenic stimulation during dioestrus.
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PMID:Enzyme activities and protein and carbohydrate concentrations in cervical secretions at dioestrus in normal ewes and ewes with permanent phytooestrogenic infertility. 56 72

This study was carried out to test the general belief that fimbriae should be considered almost indispensable to ovum capture. Surgical procedures, including resection of the mesotubarium superius and infundibulum tubae together with the creation of a fistula, are described. An attempt to enhance tubal patency by temporarily using estrogens is discussed. Ovum pickup was determined by flushing both tubes and the uterus 2 days following ovulation induction. The prior use of estrogens did not appear to have increased subsequent ovum pickup in control animals; on the contrary, it even seems possible that estrogens had negatively influenced pickup by the fistulas. With five fistulas, however, three recovered ova represented a pickup rate of 7% to 14% of all ova available following one human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation. These figures suggest that ovum pickup by terminal ampullary fistulas is not negligible; they might indicate that absence of fimbriae offers neither good protection against pregnancy following sterilization nor a hopeless prognosis for fimbriectomy reversal when a distal patent tube is present.
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PMID:Dispensability of fimbriae: ovum pickup by tubal fistulas in the rabbit. 57 7

A technique for the transcervical recovery of ova in cattle is described. The donors recipient pool consisted of 122 cows of different ages and 4 different breeds. Of these 102 cows were superovulated. For recovery of ova an apparatus consisting of a metal catheter glued to the inside of a 3-way Foley catheter was used. The technique used for embryo transfer was basically the same as for collecting the embryos. The 102 donors yielded at slaughter a total of 956 corpora lutea i.e. an average of 9,4 per cow. Of the ova released 294 or 30% were recovered on transcervical flushing of the uterus. 40% of the inovulated cows conceived. The future development of inovulation in cattle is discussed on the basis of the results recorded and on those previously documented.
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PMID:Embryo transfer in cattle: an evaluation of the current situation. 70 16

Changes in estrogen (E) and progestin (P) concentrations in the uterine lumen of rabbits following mating or injection of an ovulatory dose of luteinizing hormone (LH) were studied. There were 5 experimental groups: Group 1 (used to establish basal levels of progestin and estrogen in plasma, uterine flushing, and esophageal flushing); Group 2, injected with LH (10 mcg/kg) and killed at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 72, or 168 hours; Group 3, mated and killed 1, 2, or 168 hours later; Group 4, injected with 1, 10, or 100 mcg/kg of LH and killed 2 hours later; and Group 5, ovariectomized at 0 hours, injected with LH (10 mcg/kg) at 2 hours, and killed at 3 hours. In Group 1 rabbits, E was undetected in uterine or esophageal flushings while P was present in both. There was 6.3 times more P in the lumen of the uterus than in the esophagus. 1 hour after LH injection, E and P increased significantly in intact females but did not increase in ovariectomized females. While P concentration continued to decrease with time, E increased significantly at 4 hours and remained elevated in the uterine flushings. However, plasma P was significantly elevated at 1, 2, and 4 hours after LH injection, followed by a significant decrease at 12 and 24 hours and an increase at 72 and 168 hours. Plasma E elevation following LH injection was undetectable and was significantly depressed at 2-24 hours. P was the only hormone detected in the esophageal flushings. Both E and P in the uterine lumen rose 1 hour after mating, dropped in the 2nd hour, and peaked at 168 hours. 2 hours after the injection of the various doses into Group 4 animals, the P content recovered from uterine lumen increased and E was undetected. It is concluded that LH or mating induces a rapid transport of E and P into the lumen of the uterus and that the release of E and P into the lumen of the uterus requires the presence of the ovaries.
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PMID:Ovarian steroids in the uterine lumena. I. Effect of LH injection and mating in rabbits. 90 98

The embryos of ewes were killed with colchicine on Day 17 of gestation and the ewes were mated at the subsequent oestrus. Fertility was reduced at this mating, and fewer spermatozoa were found in the uterus and oviducts than in control animals. The total number of spermatozoa in the cervix and their distribution between the lumen and walls of the cervix were not altered, but the linear distribution along the cervical walls was changed. The density of the reamining spermatozoa in the control animals after flushing the cervix showed a progressive decrease from the posterior to the anterior segments. This did not occur in the untreated ewes. It seems likely that impaired sperm transport contributed to the lowered fertility.
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PMID:Fertility and sperm transport in Merino ewes at the first oestrus following embryonic death. 117 Mar 27

An attempt to determine the effect of IUDs on the early phase of sperm transportation in humans is reported. Recently, the authors had shown that at midcycle sperm could be recovered from the oviducts of normal women within 5 minutes after vaginal insemination. The maximum number of sperm were recovered after 10-15 minutes following vaginal insemination. The subjects of the present study were 4 parous women, with 3 having had IUDs in place for 8 or more months and 1 for 1 month. All underwent bilateral salpingectomies for sterilization at 15-30 minutes after vaginal insemination. Operations were done at midcycle as shown by serum estradiol levels, cervical mucus spinnbarkeit, and preovulatory ovarian follicles at laparotomy. No sperm were found in the follopian tubes of the IUD using subjects at 15 and 30 minutes after insemination. This is a significant difference from controls where a mean recovery of 28 sperm were found in 6 specimens from 4 subjects (p less than .001). The cervical mucus sperm counts were statistically lower than in the 14 control specimens collected at 40-100 minutes after insemination (p less than .001). Flushings of the uterine cavity and endometrial curettings revealed a large number of sperm in the uterus, 99% of which were in the curettings and not free in the endometrial cavity. The control group showed sperm in the uterus in only 2 patients. This is considered a significant difference (p less than .02). Results indicate that the presence of an IUD interferes with the early phase of sperm transport. The high sperm counts in the endometrial curettings could result from a relative block or delay in sperm ascent to the oviducts. This may be a factor in the contraceptive mechanisms. Further studies are being undertaken.
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PMID:Effect of intrauterine devices on sperm transport in the human being: preliminary report. 120 66

The role of the embryo in promoting increased plasma concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin after conception in the marmoset monkey was determined by flushing embryos from the uterus between days 5 and 9 after ovulation (implantation commences on days 11-12). Blood samples were taken from each animal (three times a week) after ovulation until the end of the luteal phase. Plasma inhibin concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay based on antisera against a synthetic fragment of the alpha-subunit of human inhibin. When embryos were flushed on days 5 and 6 (n = 6) after ovulation inhibin concentrations did not exceed 250 ng ml-1 for the duration of the luteal phase. In contrast when embryos were flushed on days 7 (n = 4), 8 (n = 4) and 9 (n = 3) maximum concentrations of inhibin always exceeded 250 ng ml-1, reaching > 400 ng ml-1 when embryos were flushed on days 8 and 9. Inhibin concentrations remained high for the duration of the luteal phase, which varied in length between 20 and 32 days. Significantly (P < 0.01) higher mean plasma concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin were first recorded on days 7-8 after ovulation in animals that had embryos flushed on days 7, 8 and 9 compared with concentrations in animals that had embryos flushed on days 5 and 6. Inhibin could not be detected in the medium of embryos cultured for up to 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Stimulation of immunoreactive inhibin production by preimplantation embryos during early pregnancy in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). 143 71

The expression of the proenkephalin gene has been demonstrated in the reproductive tissues of several animal species. The objectives of the experiments reported here were to (a) examine the presence of immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin (ir-MENK) in rabbit ovary, oviduct, and uterus and in a rabbit endometrial cell line (HRE-H9), (b) characterize ir-MENK biochemically, (c) investigate the effect of eCG + hCG treatment on the synthesis and secretion of ir-MENK in vivo, and (d) study the effect of K+ depolarization on the secretion of ir-MENK from HRE-H9 cells. Uterine fluid was collected by flushing the uterine lumen with saline. Reproductive tissues and HRE-H9 cells were extracted with 0.1 N acetic acid. Both the uterine fluid and extracts of uterus, ovary, oviduct, and HRE-H9 cells exhibited inhibition curves parallel to that of authentic MENK in the MENK RIA system. Sephadex G-15 gel filtration profiles indicated that in the extracts of rabbit uterus and HRE-H9 cells, most ir-MENK co-eluted with standard MENK, with a minor portion eluting near the void volume (Vo). Reverse-phase-HPLC (RP-HPLC) profiles showed a major peak coinciding with standard MENK, plus a minor peak of highly hydrophilic ir-MENK. The effect of eCG + hCG treatment was studied by i.m. injection of eCG (150 IU), followed by i.v. injection of hCG (75 IU) 4 days later. Ir-MENK concentration in the uteri and ovaries was significantly (p less than 0.05) increased (9.06 +/- 1.89 and 2.05 +/- 0.32 ng/mg protein, respectively), compared to control levels (2.31 +/- 0.86 and 0.24 +/- 0.77).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Synthesis and secretion of immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin from rabbit reproductive tissues in vivo and in vitro. 175 6


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