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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Flushing the vasa deferentia (ductus deferentes) at the time of vasectomy reduced to zero the number of intact spermatozoa by postvasectomy day 6 in the dog and by postvasectomy day 7 in the cat and shortened the time from vasectomy to azoospermia in the dog, but not in the cat. The fluid used to flush the vasa deferentia was not eliminated through the penile urethra, but flowed into the urinary bladder, indicating that the least resistant pathway for the exit of vasal content in the anesthetized dog and cat is toward the urinary bladder. Both control and treated dogs and cats had spermatozoa in the urine obtained by cystocentesis immediately after ejaculation or ejaculation and flushing of the vasa deferentia. Flushing the vasa deferentia at the time of vasectomy is easy to do, safe, and can be used in clinical practice to decrease the time from vasectomy to the safe utilization of dogs and cats as teasers. The procedure has potential application to males of other species.
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PMID:Effect of flushing the vasa deferentia at the time of vasectomy on the rate of clearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates of dogs and cats. 395 37

Twenty-one cases of urolithiasis in small ruminants were examined to evaluate the efficacy of various surgical treatments. Of 21 cases, all but 1 had multiple calculi. Urethral process amputation and medical therapy either did not relieve the obstruction or provided only temporary relief (< 36 hours) in 14 of 16 cases. In 2 cases, obstruction recurred in 1 year and 4 years, respectively, after urethral process amputation. Ten of 13 animals that had perineal urethrostomy (PU) experienced short-term complications, including postoperative hemorrhage, dehiscence of the surgical wound, and subcutaneous accumulation of urine. Urethral stricture occurred in 7 of 9 animals in which follow-up information was obtained, and long-term survival was 55%. Cystotomy alone was performed on 8 of 21 cases, and 7 of 8 (88%) were healthy at the time of follow-up. In order to relieve the obstruction with cystotomy alone, multiple attempts at normograde and retrograde flushing were required. Cystotomy allowed removal of multiple calculi, bidirectional flushing of the urethra, and posed less risk for short-term postoperative complications and urethral stricture. These data suggest that cystotomy was more effective than PU for the management of urolithiasis in small ruminants.
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PMID:Surgical management of urolithiasis in small ruminants. 841 54

A step-by-step priority of procedures is recommended when attempting to restore urethral patency in an obstructed male cat. In order of priority they are: (1) massage of the distal urethra, (2) attempts to induce voiding by gentle palpation of the urinary bladder, (3) cystocentesis, (4) retrograde urethral flushing, (5) combinations of 1 through 4, (6) diagnostic radiology to determine if the cause of urethral obstruction is intraluminal, mural or extramural, and if absolutely necessary, (7) surgical procedures.
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PMID:Medical management of feline urethral obstruction. 915 48

Contrast radiographic visualization of the small ruminant and porcine lower urinary tract is an infrequently used modality for the evaluation and management of obstructive urolithiasis. The administration of contrast medium through a tube cystostomy catheter used to divert urine flow until the resolution of the obstruction may provide an easy method to evaluate the status of the urethral obstruction. Contrast fluoroscopy is utilized to monitor and visualize therapeutic flushing of the urethra. A review of 26 patients seen at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital suggested that among the radiographic techniques used, positive contrast normograde cystourethrography through the tube cystostomy catheter allowed the best visualization of the lower urinary tract structures and enabled assessment of the resolution of the obstructive lesion.
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PMID:Contrast radiography of the lower urinary tract in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and swine. 963 82

Obstructive voiding is best evaluated with urodynamics, especially simultaneous measurement of bladder-pressure and urine flow rates. As an alternative to catheterization for urodynamics, noninvasive back-pressure methods using an external condom system have been introduced. This device uses one side tube in the condom for pressure recording and an outlet tube that is clamped for short periods of time during voiding. However, there have been problems with accurate back-pressure recording, including leaking, clamping techniques, hydrostatic pressures associated with pressure recording below the level of the symphysis pubis, and assessment of back pressures in relation to bladder and detrusor pressures. To address these issues, we have modified the condom for passing a catheter into the urethra for simultaneous direct bladder and back-pressure recording. The clamping device on the outlet tube also has been modified to produce back flushing of urine in addition to clamping. Hydrostatic issues have been addressed by making pressure recordings at the level of the symphysis pubis. Seven patients with obstructive symptoms were evaluated using these new devices. Back pressures were not statistically different than detrusor pressures recorded with a urethral catheter. Thus, the modifications have improved back-pressure recording techniques. The use of noninvasive back-pressure recording may be an important adjunct in the evaluation of obstructive uropathy.
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PMID:Urodynamic verification of noninvasive back-pressure recordings from the urinary bladder. 989 99

Uroliths are commonly voided into the urethra where they often lodge adjacent to the os penis in male dogs. Urethral patency can, with few exceptions, be restored by flushing uroliths back into the bladder lumen by retrograde urohydropropulsion. To be consistently successful, one must be familiar with the concepts of the procedure and each step of the technique.
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PMID:Canine retrograde urohydropropulsion. Lessons from 25 years of experience. 1002 62

This paper presents the successful use of a non-surgical, transcervical uterine lavage technique for the treatment of uterine infection-induced infertility in three female large cats. We developed a non-surgical uterine lavage technique, which allowed repeated flushing of the uterine lumen and installation of therapeutic antibiotics. The entire procedure was performed under general anaesthesia (duration of anesthesia ranged from 40 to 70 min). It was successfully applied in a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), a Corbett tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) and an Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). The tigers were treated only once, whereas the leopard received four uterine treatments, due to re-infection after mating. Decisions to conduct uterine treatments were based on detection of uterine fluid during previous transrectal ultrasound examinations. The catheter was guided into the vagina, with the aid of an endoscope, passing the urethra, and then into the uterus, with the aid of transrectal ultrasonography. Both uterine horns were separately flushed with approximately 300 mL of cell medium M199, followed by an antibiotic infusion. Upon ultrasonographic re-examination, the topical uterine treatments resulted in an apparent decline in the inflammatory and/or degenerative processes. The Corbett tiger had the most severe uterine alterations, in addition to an aseptic pyometra. As a result, she was treated 1 month prior to ovariohysterectomy (in order to reduce the surgical risk). The Sumatran tiger was artificially inseminated twice after hormone-induced estrus, and the Amur leopard expressed a spontaneous estrus and re-initiated mating behaviour.
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PMID:A non-surgical uterine lavage technique in large cats intended for treatment of uterine infection-induced infertility. 1653 Aug 16

A peculiar cell type of the respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelia, originally termed "brush cell" or "tuft cell" by electron microscopists because of its apical tuft of microvilli, utilizes the canonical bitter taste transduction cascade known from oropharyngeal taste buds to detect potential hazardous compounds, e.g. bacterial products. Upon stimulation, this cell initiates protective reflexes and local inflammatory responses through release of acetylcholine and chemokines. Guided by the understanding of these cells as sentinels, they have been newly discovered at previously unrecognized anatomical locations, including the urethra. Solitary cholinergic urethral cells express canonical taste receptors and are polymodal chemosensors for certain bitter substances, glutamate (umami) and uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Intraurethral bitter stimulation triggers cholinergic reflex activation of bladder detrusor activity, which is interpreted as cleaning flushing of the urethra. The currently known scenario suggests the presence of at least two more urethral chemosensory cell types: non-cholinergic brush cells and neuroendocrine serotonergic cells. The potential implications are enormous and far reaching, as these cells might be involved in monitoring and preventing ascending urinary tract infection and triggering of inappropriate detrusor activity. However, although appealing, this is still highly speculative, since the actual number of distinct chemosensory cell types needs to be finally clarified, as well as their embryological origin, developmental dynamics, receptor equipment, modes of signalling to adjacent nerve fibres and other cells, repertoire of chemo- and cytokines, involvement in pathogenesis of diseases and many other aspects.
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PMID:Chemosensory epithelial cells in the urethra: sentinels of the urinary tract. 2768 May 47

Urinary tract infections are common in people who are catheterised because the standard defence mechanism of flushing the urethra with acidic urine is breached by the catheter.
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PMID:Methods to limit urinary tract infections in catheterised patients. 2773 79

CASE DESCRIPTION A 3-year-old sexually intact male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was evaluated because of a 1-day history of signs of anorexia and depression. CLINICAL FINDINGS Clinical examination revealed signs of depression, hunched posture, low skin elasticity (suggesting dehydration), slightly distended abdomen, and penile and preputial edema. The owner reported that the rabbit had been fed a routine diet, received water via a sipper bottle, and was allowed free movement around the home. It had been observed by the owner to bite and chew gypsum-based plaster from the walls of the home. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography revealed radiopaque material in the urinary bladder, irregular thickening of the urinary bladder wall, and gaseous distention of the cecum. Urinalysis revealed mild hematuria and proteinuria. Results of the physical examination and other diagnostic tests were consistent with urolithiasis, cystitis, and gastrointestinal stasis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME At clinical examination, numerous small uroliths originating from the urethral orifice were removed and submitted for composition analysis via infrared and Raman spectrometry and polarized microscopy. Laparotomy-assisted flushing of the urinary bladder and urethra was performed, and the rabbit recovered without complication. Results of composition analysis indicated the uroliths were composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first report of calcium sulfate urolithiasis in a rabbit, which was attributed to dehydration (possibly due to inadequate water provision) and excessive dietary intake of sulfur in the form of gypsum-based plaster. Rabbits should be prevented from consuming plaster and other potential extradietary sources of sulfur and provided an appropriate water supply.
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PMID:Calcium sulfate dihydrate urolithiasis in a pet rabbit. 2820 16


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