Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metastatic carcinoid tumor is often seen with flushing, diarrhea, and cardiac symptoms--the carcinoid syndrome. Cardiac failure is often associated with major morbidity and mortality in carcinoid disease. In this report, a case of successful cardiac valvar surgical intervention has resulted in prolonged alleviation of cardiac symptoms and survival.
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PMID:Surgical management of carcinoid heart disease. 203 12

A patient with carcinoid syndrome was treated with the somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995). The drug significantly improved the symptoms of the patient, flushing and diarrhea, and reduced urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. However, hepatic metastases remained unchanged. Clinical or biochemical adverse effects were not present during the treatment period.
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PMID:[A favorable response to the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 in a patient with the carcinoid syndrome]. 154 39

We report a case of metastatic thymic neoplasm occurring in a 62-year-old Caucasian man. The tumor was polymorphic, with intimately admixed carcinoid, sarcomatous and undifferentiated components. Sarcomatous cells were spindle-shaped and immunoreactive for vimentin, actin and desmin. Carcinoid cells reacted for cytokeratin as well as with a panel of general neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranins A and B, synaptophysin, protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, neuron specific enolase (NSE), Leu 7 and Grimelius' silver. The endocrine nature of the latter cells was confirmed by ultrastructural evidence of abundant electron-dense granules 100 to 300 nm in size. Among the various hormones investigated immunohistochemically only the alpha chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (alpha-hCG) was detected in tumor cells. The neoplasm recurred after surgical resection and caused a typical carcinoid syndrome with skin flushing and increased urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA). The diagnosis of multidirectional thymic carcinoma with two lines of differentiation, of carcinoid and sarcomatoid type, was made.
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PMID:Multidirectional carcinoma of the thymus with neuroendocrine and sarcomatoid components and carcinoid syndrome. 206 96

The carcinoid syndrome can arise when effluent blood from carcinoid tumor tissue gains access to the systemic, as opposed to the portal, venous system. Features include facial flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, right-sided cardiac lesions, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Attacks of flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing can be provoked by bolus injections of adrenaline, noradrenaline, or pentagastrin. While serotonin usually predominates, carcinoid tumors can also secrete, in varying proportions, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kallikrein, kinins, substance P and other neuropeptides, prostaglandins, catecholamines, and histamine. Of these, serotonin, kinins, histamine, and substance P are possible mediators of flushes; serotonin and substance P of hyperperistalsis; and serotonin, kinins, or histamine of bronchial constriction. Despite the gross excess of circulating serotonin, nearly all is platelet bound and therefore inactive. Very little is free in plasma. Demonstration of a contribution of serotonin to carcinoid attacks requires assay of free plasma serotonin; measurements of whole blood or serum serotonin are of little value. Some, but not all, provoked flushes have been shown to be accompanied by a rise in free plasma serotonin or substance P; an increase in circulating kinins has been more consistently shown. The 5HT2 antagonist ketanserin has been found to inhibit both provoked and spontaneous attacks of flushing, diarrhea, and dyspnea in a proportion of patients with carcinoid syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Carcinoid syndrome and serotonin: therapeutic effects of ketanserin. 228 51

The incidence, presentation, and treatment strategies of abdominal carcinoid tumours are discussed. In the Trent Region of the UK, carcinoid tumours have an incidence of 0.7 cases/100,000 population. The small bowel is the commonest site (36%) followed by the lung (22%) and appendix (13%). Analysis of the presenting symptoms and signs in 24 cases of small bowel cancer demonstrated diarrhoea in 17, pain in 17, and flushing in 12. Treatment strategies comprise surgery and drug therapy. Sandostatin has a role in preventing the release of pharmacologically active tumour products. A long-term trial of Sandostatin in patients with carcinoid syndrome is underway. Experience to dat indicates Sandostatin is indicated: where surgery and drugs (cyproheptadine and codeine phosphate) in combination have failed to control symptoms; where the patient is unfit for surgery; and to cover anaesthesia and surgery as prophylaxis against the risks of carcinoid crisis.
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PMID:Abdominal carcinoid tumours in Sheffield. 233 66

Immediately after a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed of a carcinoid liver metastasis, a patient had severe flushing, nausea, and faintness, followed by generalized seizure activity, profound hypotension, and cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to resuscitative efforts. This was considered due to massive release of vasoactive substances into the systemic circulation, caused by manipulation of the tumor at biopsy and aggravated by resuscitative efforts. Hypotensive crisis should be considered a potential, although unusual, complication of FNAB of liver metastases in patients with carcinoid syndrome. If biopsy is necessary, an intravenous access line should be established before biopsy is performed, and personnel should be prepared to administer emergency resuscitation. Medication with a somatostatin analogue before biopsy is performed is suggested. Catecholamine administration should be avoided.
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PMID:Fatal carcinoid crisis after percutaneous fine-needle biopsy of hepatic metastasis: case report and literature review. 240 83

Serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) were assayed in peripheral blood in patients with known midgut carcinoids and hepatic metastases. All patients had supranormal basal levels of 5-HT and SP. The clinical and hormonal response was evaluated by two provocation tests, pentagastrin (PG) injection or calcium infusion. Pentagastrin caused flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms and elevated levels of circulating 5-HT, but not of SP. Pretreatment with a 5-HT2 receptor blocking agent (ketanserin) alleviated gastrointestinal symptoms but had no influence on either 5-HT release or PG-induced flushing. Calcium infusion induced carcinoid symptoms in only two of six patients, which were associated with elevated 5-HT levels (whereas elevated SP levels were seen in only one patient). We conclude that 5-HT is important for the development of gastrointestinal symptoms but not of flushing. Ketanserin may alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms but does not influence PG-induced release of 5-HT. Substance P and 5-HT do not seem to share a common release mechanism. It appears that PG testing is superior to calcium infusion as a provocative test in patients with the carcinoid syndrome.
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PMID:The pentagastrin test in the diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome. 241 67

Hepatic arterial embolisation was performed in six patients with malignant carcinoid tumours; five with the carcinoid syndrome and the other with intractable pain due to pleural and hepatic metastases. A total of 11 embolisations was performed, each time producing noticeable symptomatic relief, especially of facial flushing and diarrhoea. Apart from occasional episodes of the post-embolisation syndrome, no significant complications were experienced. Relief of symptoms lasted 2 months to 18 months in all patients with the carcinoid syndrome. Repeat embolisation was performed in three of the six patients. Three of the six patients have died at intervals ranging from 3 weeks to 20 months after the last embolisation. The cause of death was not related to embolisation. Hepatic embolisation is an effective, safe and repeatable method of palliating the symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome.
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PMID:Hepatic arterial embolisation in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumours. 241 90

We studied the effects of a long-acting analogue of somatostatin (SMS 201-995, Sandoz) in 25 patients with histologically proved metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. This drug was self-administered by subcutaneous injection at a dose of 150 micrograms three times daily. Flushing and diarrhea associated with the syndrome were promptly relieved in 22 patients. All 25 patients had an elevated 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (mean, 265 mg per 24 hours; range, 14 to 1079), which served as an objective indicator of disease activity. Eighteen of the 25 patients (72 percent) had a decrease of 50 percent or more in their urinary 5-HIAA levels, as compared with the pretreatment values. The median duration of this biochemical response was more than 12 months (range, 1 to greater than 18). Since no serious toxicity was observed, we conclude that SMS 201-995 may be appropriate for use as early therapy in patients with symptoms due to the carcinoid syndrome who have not responded to simpler measures.
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PMID:Treatment of the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Evaluation of a long-acting somatostatin analogue. 242 48

To examine the role of kallikrein in the etiology of flushing in the carcinoid syndrome, chromogenic substrates specific for kallikrein were used to measure two isoenzymes of this substance. The plasma and glandular kallikrein levels were determined in 20 carcinoid patients and in 17 controls. Kallikrein levels were not significantly different between these two groups. Twelve carcinoid patients and six controls were given alcohol and the kallikrein activity was measured before and at 2, 5, and 10 minutes after alcohol ingestion; kallikrein activity did not change significantly. Kallikrein was absent from the primary tumors of seven patients with carcinoids. These studies, therefore, indicate that kallikrein with subsequent induction of bradykinin formation is not solely responsible for the flushing in the carcinoid syndrome.
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PMID:Flushing in the carcinoid syndrome and plasma kallikrein. 242 58


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