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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The observation of hydroelectric and pH changes, as well as the diminishing incidence of postoperative infections in pediatric patients, subjected to digestive irrigation (D.I.) before surgery, was the reason for carrying out this paper, fundamentally directed at two objectives: Firstly, to determine the hydro-ionic and clinical repercussions by means of a comparative study of the two most used irrigations solutions and secondly, to analyze the modifications that the D.I., itself and with the addition of antibiotics, is capable of producing on the fecal flora and the intestinal mucous membrane. To realize our aim, a prospective and double blinded study was designed on 124 patients irrigated with a saline solution (S-I), or with the Golytely solution (S-II). The analysis of the results showed that exist a marked predisposition to metabolic acidosis and dehydration after irrigation with S-II, compared with a tendency towards hyperhydration and alkalosis after irrigation with S-I. The effect of flushing with D.I. is capable of producing a significant lowering in the number of germs/ml found in the contents of the colon; a reduction which increases for the anaerobic group (p less than 0.001), when the antibiotics are added to the irrigation solution. Neither of the studied cases gave evidence of histomorphologic alterations in the colonic mucosa after irrigation with erythromycin and neomycin base.
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PMID:[Whole gut irrigation in pediatric patients: a comparative study]. 156 45

Two methods to preserve gastrointestinal tract (GIT) organs and tissues, plastic coating (PC) and plastination (PN), were investigated and compared. Specimens to be preserved were removed from animals within 2 h of death and immediately cleaned with water. Digesta contents were removed by flushing desired portions of GIT with water until the exiting water was clear. In the PC method, cleaned specimens were dehydrated by immersion in an isopropanol solution, dried with forced air after positioning and orientation as in situ, and finally coated on the outer and inner surfaces with a clear plastic material. In the PN procedure, specimens were filled with, and submerged in, a low-formaldehyde fixative, then dehydrated by immersion in a cold acetone solution. Dehydrated specimens were immersed in silicone and placed in a freeze drier for impregnation under low vacuum, followed by overnight gas curing with a silicone crosslinker. Finally, viewing windows were cut out with a scalpel in GIT preserved by both methods. Preserved GIT and tissues had an appearance similar to their appearance in vivo. The PC method was simple and inexpensive. Plastinated specimens were more flexible, durable, and lifelike than those preserved by the PC method. In addition, many body parts, such as muscles, nerves, bones, ligaments, and central nervous system specimens, were preserved by PN. Both methods were found to be useful tools for postmortem studies of tissues and GIT organs.
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PMID:Technical note: preservation of tissues and gastrointestinal tract portions by plastic coating or plastination. 158 28

Malignant carcinoid tumors are remarkably varied in their biologic behavior. The disease may be indolent for years with minimal or no symptoms. On the other hand, an acute carcinoid crisis with severe diarrhea, dehydration, and hypotension may develop in the patient. Patients with flushing and/or diarrhea, not responsive to standard symptomatic measures, may benefit from chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Chemotherapy with single agents or combination chemotherapy may be associated with response rates ranging from 20 to 40 percent. Hepatic de-arterialization by ligation or occlusion is an effective means of inducing rapid tumor shrinkage for patients who have carcinoid tumors and hepatic dominant metastases. The addition of chemotherapy after induction of a partial remission with hepatic de-arterialization may prolong the duration of response, but this remains to be proven in prospective clinical trials. Hormonal therapy with the antiestrogen tamoxifen has been unsuccessful, but treatment of the carcinoid syndrome with a long-acting analogue of somatostatin has been strikingly effective.
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PMID:Metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. A selective review of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. 243 81

We encountered two patients with typical bronchial carcinoid and metastases to the liver who presented with typical carcinoid syndrome. In typical bronchial carcinoid without metastases to regional lymph nodes, recurrence and distant metastasis after curative resection are generally thought to be rare. The first patient was a 62-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital because of facial flushing and diarrhea. She had undergone curative resection of a typical bronchial carcinoid 9 years earlier, and the postsurgical pathological stage was I. On the second admission, she was found to have multiple liver metastases. The second patient was a 59-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital because of facial flushing, dyspnea, and dehydration due to diarrhea. She had undergone curative resection of a typical bronchial carcinoid 21 months earlier, and the postsurgical pathological stage was I. On the second admission, she was found to have multiple intrabronchial, bone, and liver metastases. Both patients were treated with subcutaneous injections of octreotide, and with transhepatic arterial chemoembolization. In addition, the second patient underwent percutaneous ethanol injection under ultrasonic guidance. Signs and symptoms disappeared soon after therapy began and the patients survived longer than expected. Hepatic artery chemoembolization and simultaneous chemotherapy can relieve symptoms in patients with carcinoid syndrome and multiple liver metastases, and self-administration of octreotide is the treatment of choice for immediate relief.
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PMID:[Successful treatment of carcinoid syndrome in two cases of bronchial carcinoid]. 858 28

A group of fatty acid esters capable of forming liquid crystals has been identified as a new class of potential bioadhesive substances. The liquid crystals may act as a controlled release system. The experimental work was focused on the monoglycerides, glyceryl mono-oleate (GMO) and glyceryl monolinoleate (GML). The mucoadhesive properties of GMO and GML were demonstrated in vitro by a 'flushing' bioadhesion test system and a tensiometric method. The flushing system was validated with GMO. Mucoadhesion is influenced by the drug and excipient added, their concentrations, and the ability to form especially the cubic phase. It has been shown that the cubic phase is mucoadhesive when formed on wet mucosa, such as rabbit jejunum, and that drug added to the precursor formulation is incorporated in the cubic phase formed. Tensiometric measurements have shown that the unswollen monoglycerides have the greatest mucoadhesion, followed by the partly swollen lamellar phase and the fully swollen cubic phase. The values found for the work of adhesion were in the range 0.007-0.048 mJcm-2. The mechanism of mucoadhesion is unspecific and probably involves dehydration of the mucosa. The cubic phase of GMO and GML may be an interesting candidate for a bioadhesive drug delivery system.
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PMID:Bioadhesive drug delivery systems. I. Characterisation of mucoadhesive properties of systems based on glyceryl mono-oleate and glyceryl monolinoleate. 979 71

The most effective way of protecting drinking water resources from domestic sewage is to use technologies that do not produce sewage. This paper gives an overview of emerging alternatives in the form of ecological sanitation systems for urban and peri-urban areas. A key feature of ecological sanitation is that it regards human excreta as a resource to be recycled rather than as waste to be disposed of. Examples given include ecological sanitation systems based on dehydration and decomposition from Mexico, El Salvador, Sweden, India and Vietnam. These systems need neither water for flushing, nor pipelines for transport, nor treatment plants and arrangements for the disposal of toxic sludge. Large scale application of ecological sanitation would lead to less environmental pollution, reduced water consumption, considerable savings on sewers and treatment plants and increased employment. In addition it would provide valuable resources for food production and wasteland development.
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PMID:Sanitation without pollution. 1084 25

Hypericum Perforatum Extract is an extract of the capsules, flowers, leaves, and stem heads of Hypericum perforatum, commonly called St. John's Wort. Hypericum Perforatum Oil is the fixed oil from H. perforatum. Techniques for preparing Hypericum Perforatum Extract include crushing in stabilized olive oil, gentle maceration over a period of weeks, followed by dehydration and filtration. Propylene Glycol and Butylene Glycol extractions were also reported. The following components have variously been reported to be found in H. perforatum: hypericin, naphtodianthrones, flavonoids, terpene and sesquiterpene oils, phenylpropanes, biflavones, tannins, xanthones, phloroglucinols, and essential oils. Hypericum Perforatum Extract is used in over 50 cosmetic formulations and Hypericum Perforatum Oil in just over 10, both across a wide range of product types. Acute toxicity studies using rats, guinea pigs, and mice indicate that the extract is relatively nontoxic. Animals fed H. perforatum flowers for 2 weeks showed significant signs of toxicity, including erythema, edema of the portion of the body exposed to light, alopecia, and changes in blood chemistry. In a chronic study, rats fed H. perforatum gained less weight than control animals. Mixtures containing the extract and the oil were not irritants or sensitizers in animals. Because of the presence of hypericin, H. perforatum is a primary photosensitizer. In clinical tests, a single oral administration of Hypericum extract resulted in hypericin appearing in the blood. With long-term dosing, a steady-state level in blood was reached after 14 days. The polyphenol fraction of H. perforatum had immunostimulating activity, whereas the lipophilic portion had immunosuppressing properties. Mixtures of the extract and the oil produced minimal or no ocular irritation in rabbit eyes. Mutagenic activity in an Ames test was attributed to flavonols in one study and to quercitin in another, but other genotoxicity assays were negative. No carcinogenicity or reproductive and developmental toxicity data were available. A mixture of the extract and the oil was not irritating in clinical studies. Adverse reactions to Hypericum extract in the clinical treatment of depression include skin reddening and itching, dizziness, constipation, fatigue, anxiety, and tiredness. Absent any basis for concluding that data on one member of a botanical ingredient group can be extrapolated to another in a group, or to the same ingredient extracted differently, these data were not considered sufficient to assess the safety of these ingredients. Additional data needs include current concentration of use data; function in cosmetics; photosensitization and phototoxicity data using visible light; gross pathology and histopathology in skin and other major organ systems associated with repeated dermal exposures; dermal reproductive/developmental toxicity data; human skin irritation and sensitization data using the oil; and ocular irritation data, if available. Until these data are available, it is concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations.
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PMID:Final report on the safety assessment of Hypericum perforatum extract and Hypericum perforatum oil. 1155 39

All currently available antihypertensive drugs can cause adverse drug reactions. Potential adverse drug reactions should already be taken into account when a new antihypertensive regimen is started. It is furthermore important to ask at follow-up visits specifically about common adverse reactions. The aims of this article are therefore to shortly summarise common and typical adverse drug reactions of antihypertensives. All antihypertensives may cause dizziness, hypotension, allergies, rashes, gastrointestinal complaints and dry mouth. Thiazide diuretics furthermore may cause electrolyte disturbances, dehydration and hyperuricemia, betablockers may cause bronchospasm, bradycardia, cold extremities and sleep disturbances and calcium antagonists may cause flushing, ankle oedema and gingival hyperplasia. Concerning potential lethal adverse drug reactions, it is important to know that ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are contraindicated in all patients with a history of angioedema. However, angiotensin receptor antagonists are well-suited alternatives for patients with ACE inhibitor-induced cough or hypogeusia. Rare adverse drug reactions are commonly recognised only after drug approval based on spontaneous reporting. This demonstrates the importance of considering medications as potential causes of new complaints and symptoms and to reports such suspected adverse drug reactions to the national pharmacovigilance centres. Only the local or international accumulation of comparable spontaneous reports allows the drug regulation agencies to recognise new and unexpected adverse drug reactions early and to initiate appropriate measures.
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PMID:[Antihypertensives--which adverse drug reactions are clinically relevant?]. 1519 39

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is administered for various indications and generally considered a safe therapy. Most of the adverse effects (AEs) associated with IVIg administration are mild and transient. The immediate AEs include headache, flushing, malaise, chest tightness, fever, chills, myalgia, fatigue, dyspnea, back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood pressure changes, tachycardia, and anaphylactic reactions, especially in IgA-deficient patients. Late AEs are rare and include acute renal failure, thromboembolic events, aseptic meningitis, neutropenia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, skin reactions, and rare events of arthritis. Pseudohyponatremia following IVIg is important to be recognized. Renal failure, usually oliguric and transient, occurs mostly on using sucrose-containing products owing to osmotic injury. Among high-risk patients who have a previous renal disease, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, hypertension, hyperviscosity, or are treated by other nephrotoxic medications, administration of a non-sucrose-containing IVIg product after accomplishing hydration, in a low concentration and a slow infusion rate while supervising urine output and kidney function, is recommended. Thromboembolic complications occur because of hyperviscosity especially in patients having risk factors including advanced age, previous thromboembolic diseases, being bedridden, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or those receiving high-dose IVIg in a rapid infusion rate. Immediate AEs can be treated by the slowing or temporary discontinuation of the infusion and symptomatic therapy with analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, and glucocorticoids in more severe reactions. Slow infusion rate of low concentration of IVIg products and hydration, especially in high-risk patients, may prevent renal failure, thromboembolic events, and aseptic meningitis.
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PMID:Intravenous immunoglobulin: adverse effects and safe administration. 1639 92

The active transport of CO(2) in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625 was inhibited by H(2)S. Treatment of the cells with up to 150 micromolar H(2)S + HS(-) at pH 8.0 had little effect on Na(+)-dependent HCO(3) (-) transport or photosynthetic O(2) evolution, but CO(2) transport was inhibited by more than 90%. CO(2) transport was restored when H(2)S was removed by flushing with N(2). At constant total H(2)S + HS(-) concentrations, inhibition of CO(2) transport increased as the ratio of H(2)S to HS(-) increased, suggesting a direct role for H(2)S in the inhibitory process. Hydrogen sulfide does not appear to serve as a substrate for transport. In the presence of H(2)S and Na(+) -dependent HCO(3) (-) transport, the extracellular CO(2) concentration rose considerably above its equilibrium level, but was maintained far below its equilibrium level in the absence of H(2)S. The inhibition of CO(2) transport, therefore, revealed an ongoing leakage from the cells of CO(2) which was derived from the intracellular dehydration of HCO(3) (-) which itself had been recently transported into the cells. Normally, leaked CO(2) is efficiently transported back into the cell by the CO(2) transport system, thus maintaining the extracellular CO(2) concentration near zero. It is suggested that CO(2) transport not only serves as a primary means of inorganic carbon acquisition for photosynthesis but also serves as a means of recovering CO(2) lost from the cell. A schematic model describing the relationship between the CO(2) and HCO(3) (-) transport systems is presented.
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PMID:Selective and Reversible Inhibition of Active CO(2) Transport by Hydrogen Sulfide in a Cyanobacterium. 1666 30


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