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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When using the Baermann technique to detect larvae of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in deer feces, it is difficult to ensure that no larvae remain on glassware between samples. Of several cleaning methods tested here, emersion in 95% ethanol after flushing with hot or cold water was the most effective and practical.
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PMID:A practical method for cleaning Baermann glassware. 756 34

In previous experimental liver transplant studies, it was possible to extend cold ischaemic time (CIT) by using a flush/storage solution combining histidine, lactobionate and raffinose (HLR). In this study, energy metabolism, glycolytic substrate (glucose) and anaerobic end-product (lactate) were examined in rat liver over 24 h of cold storage to determine the mechanism of action of the HLR solution. In livers subjected to simple flush and storage with the HLR solution, levels of ATP and ADP were considerably higher than livers stored with modified UW throughout 24 h of storage; at 4 h of storage, ATP and ADP levels were 1.1 and 3.1 mumol/g for HLR solution versus 0.18 and 0.81 mumol/g for UW solution. Total adenylate contents (TA = ATP + ADP + AMP) also remained 1-2 mumol/g higher in HLR-treated livers than those preserved in UW; TA values ranged from 3.8 to 5.7 mumol/g. Glucose increased to 20-35 mumol/g by 10-24 h of storage (similar to the UW group). Lactate rose to almost twice that in livers stored in UW; total lactate accumulation was approximately 10.0 mumol/g. This study demonstrated that the combined HLR solution is able to prolong the maximum 'safe' CIT by increasing anaerobic metabolism and consequently preserving liver energetics. The second part of the experiment examined the effect of continuous perfusion (with/without O2) over the 1st h of cold ischaemia. Under current methods of liver flushing and excision, the 1st h of cold storage may be the critical time of metabolic 'adjustment' since most of the pH and ATP changes occur during this period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:An underlying mechanism for improved liver preservation with a combined histidine-lactobionate-raffinose flush solution. 757 19

Organ preservation is the supply line for organ transplantation. Currently, the liver, pancreas, and kidney can be successfully preserved for up to two days by flushing the organs with the University of Wisconsin (UW) organ preservation solution and storing them at hypothermia (0-5 degree C). The UW solution is effective because it uses a number of cell impermeant agents (lactobionic acid, raffinose, hydroxyethyl starch) that prevent the cells from swelling during cold ischemic storage. Additionally, the UW solution contains glutathione and adenosine, agents that may stimulate recovery of normal metabolism upon reperfusion by augmenting the antioxidant capacity of the organs (glutathione) or by stimulating high-energy phosphate generation (adenosine) upon reperfusion. Although this method of organ preservation is effective, some organs (5-15% of livers and 20-30% of kidneys) do not function well upon transplant. Injury may be preservation related but may also result from donor and recipient factors that render the organs more susceptible to preservation damage. Results with continuous perfusion of kidneys in the clinics show a reduction in preservation/reperfusion damage. This may be a more appropriate preservation method than cold storage. In this chapter we discuss the development and use of the UW solution and present clinical results. Although intraabdominal organs are well preserved at present, intrathoracic organs (lungs and heart) are less well preserved, and better methods for preservation of these organs are needed for increased use of lung and heart transplantation.
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PMID:Organ preservation. 759 60

Rewarming ischemic injury during vascular anastomosis severely compromises posttransplant pancreas graft survival because the graft has already been subjected to warm and cold ischemia before vascular anastomosis. We examined whether preservation of the pancreas graft by the two-layer method ameliorates rewarming ischemic injury of the graft during vascular anastomosis and also investigated the energy metabolism of the pancreas graft before, during and after rewarming ischemic period. After flushing with cold University of Wisconsin solution (UW), the pancreas grafts were preserved by the two-layer (UW/perfluorochemical [PFC]) method (group 1) or simple cold storage in UW (group 2) for 24-hr and then autotransplanted. In control, the pancreas grafts were flushed out with cold UW and immediately autotransplanted without preservation (group 3). After completion of vascular anastomosis, vascular clamp was not released until 90, 120, or 150 min of rewarming ischemia, including anastomosis time, has elapsed. After 90 min of rewarming ischemia, graft survival rates were 5/5, 100%, 5/5, 100%, and 5/5, 100% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After 120 min, all the grafts in groups 2 and 3 failed (0/5, 0%, and 0/5, 0%, respectively), however, all the grafts in group 1 survived (5/5, 100%). Even after 150 min, 1 of 3 grafts in group 1 survived (1/3, 33%). After 24 hr preservation, tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotides (TAN) levels of the grafts in group 1 were about 2-fold the reference values before harvesting and significantly higher compared with group 2(p < 0.05; p < 0.05). After 120 min of rewarming ischemia, tissue ATP levels in group 1 were 84% of the reference values and significantly higher compared with group 2(p < 0.05). TAN levels of group 1 were also significantly higher compared with group 2(p < 0.05). Two hours after reperfusion, ATP and TAN levels in group 1 were significantly higher than group 2(p < 0.05). There were no remarkable difference between group 1 and group 2 concerning adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels. We conclude that the two-layer (UW/PFC) method ameliorates rewarming ischemic injury of the pancreas graft during vascular anastomosis by increasing tissue ATP concentration and TAN levels during preservation and maintaining tissue ATP and TAN levels during vascular anastomosis. Consequently, ATP levels are rapidly recovered after reperfusion and the graft survives.
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PMID:Amelioration of rewarming ischemic injury of the pancreas graft during vascular anastomosis by increasing tissue ATP contents during preservation by the two-layer cold storage method. 761 35

The renal preservation ability of a flushing solution (F-M) with fructose-1,6-diphosphate (1 g/dl) and mannitol (2 g/dl) during cold ischaemia was studied with the isolated perfused rat kidney model and compared with the Euro-Collins (EC) and University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions. Kidneys were stored in hypothermia for 4 and 18 h after initial flushing with the solution being tested, and then reperfused at 37 degrees C in an isolated perfusion circuit for 90 min with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 4.5% albumin. Forty-four kidneys were studied and divided in a control group and six study groups according to the cold ischaemia time and flushing solution used. Renal functional parameters of plasma flow rate (PFR), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urine flow rate (UFR) glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional (FRNa) and net (TNa) sodium reabsortion were assessed during reperfusion. Conventional histology and malondialdehyde tissue levels (MDA) were also evaluated. Our results show that PFR, RVR, and UFR were similar in all study groups. After 4 and 18 h of cold ischaemia, GFR, FRNa and TNa were better, and conventional histology worse in F-M than in EC flushed kidneys. After 4 and 18 h of cold ischaemia, GFR, FRNa and TNa, in fact, were not different between F-M and UW flushed kidneys. After 4 h of cold ischaemia, conventional histology was similar in F-M and UW flushed kidneys. Nevertheless, after 18 h of cold ischaemia, UW flushed kidneys showed worse histological parameters than F-M flushed kidneys. After 4 h of cold ischaemia, MDA was similar in kidneys flushed with three solutions. After 18 h of cold ischaemia MDA was higher in EC than in F-M or UW flushed kidneys. In summary, our newly developed cold storage solution shows promising results in renal preservation and its ability to preserve is at least as good as UW solution assessed in the isolated perfused rat kidney.
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PMID:Evaluation of a preservation solution containing fructose-1,6-diphosphate and mannitol using the isolated perfused rat kidney. Comparison with Euro-Collins and University of Wisconsin solutions. 762 95

Preservation injury to bile ducts is a serious problem in liver transplantation, especially when preservation exceeds 12 hours. The authors hypothesized that the injury was caused by contact of bile ducts with bile salts during cold preservation and might be preventable by infusion of more hydrophilic bile salts. Swine livers were harvested after intraportal infusions of saline (control), of the hydrophobic bile salt taurodeoxycholate, or of the hydrophilic bile salts tauroursodeoxycholate or dehydrocholate. The effect of infusing a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic bile acids was also studied. Bile samples were taken before and during the infusions. Then livers were perfused with UW solution, ducts were flushed retrograde with UW, and livers were stored at 0 to 1 degree C for 20 hours. Bile ducts were harvested after preservation, and coded microscopic slides of the specimens were examined by light microscopy. There was large variability in baseline bile salt concentration. Injury after preservation consisted of sloughing and pyknosis of surface and glandular epithelium. The histologic injury score determined after preservation was directly related to bile salt concentration in bile ducts at the time of flushing. During bile salt infusions, the infused bile salt replaced most or all of the other bile salts present in bile. Severe postpreservation injury of intrahepatic ducts occurred after taurodeoxycholate infusions, but injury was minimal when either of the two hydrophilic bile salts was infused. The mixture of bile acids produced intermediate results. Retrograde flushing with UW does not prevent injury to intrahepatic ducts. The authors conclude that the injury is caused by contact with bile salts, is dependent on bile salt concentration and composition, and is preventable.
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PMID:Evidence of preservation injury to bile ducts by bile salts in the pig and its prevention by infusions of hydrophilic bile salts. 1148 36

The purpose of these experimental researches was to study the physiopathology of heart and lung preservation. The current problem of the paucity of lung and heart-lung donors can be solved either by retrieving the organs from cadavers or by increasing the time of preservation. Since the lung is more susceptible to ischemic injury if compared to the heart, we focused our studies on lung preservation techniques. Our results show that lung flushing prior to preservation is very important and the density and the potassium content of the solutions used for this purpose have to be chosen carefully. The addition of a surfactant precursor to the UW preservation solution maintained the pulmonary surfactant for at least 4 hrs of cold storage, but it failed to preserve lung ultrastructure for more than 4 hrs. The UW solution preserved heart ultrastructure for at least 6 hrs of cold-storage. Heat shock to induce the synthesis of heat shock proteins and catalse but failed to protect the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The addition of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to the preservation solution maintained lung morphology and function upon 24 hrs of preservation and reperfusion and other authors showed that VIP protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. We are planning further investigations aiming to improve and extend the time of heart and lung preservation.
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PMID:Experimental researches on heart and lung preservation. 771 37

The effects of initial lung flushing with intracellular and extracellular fluid type solutions were studied in lungs stored with the University of Wisconsin solution. Excised Sprague-Dawley rat lungs (n = 39) were flushed first with one of the following solutions: (1) the University of Wisconsin solution (K+ = 140 mmol/L), (2) modified (low potassium) University of Wisconsin solution (K+ = 20 mmol/L), (3) phosphate buffered saline solution (K+ = 3.9 mmol/L), (4) modified low-potassium phosphate-buffered saline solution (K+ = 20 mmol/L), (5) modified high-potassium phosphate-buffered saline solution (K+ = 40 mmol/L), and (6) Euro-Collins solution (K+ = 115 mmol/L) followed by secondary flush with storage solution and cold (4 degrees C) storage in University of Wisconsin solution for 24 hours. The lungs were then reperfused in the isolated, pulsatile, blood-perfused working lung system for 2 hours or until lung failure. Blood gas analysis and shunt fraction, aerodynamic parameters (airway resistance, lung compliance, elastic work, and flow resistive work), and total pulmonary vascular resistance were measured throughout the perfusion period. The mean oxygen tensions (in millimeters of mercury) at 30 minutes after the onset of reperfusion for University of Wisconsin solution, modified University of Wisconsin solution, phosphate-buffered saline solution, modified phosphate-buffered saline solutions (20 and 40 mmol/L), and Euro-Collins solution were 56.1 +/- 4.2, 72.7 +/- 9.1, 87.7 +/- 6.9 (p < 0.01 versus University of Wisconsin solution; p < 0.01 versus Euro-Collins solution), 86.0 +/- 9.6 (p < 0.01 versus University of Wisconsin solution; p < 0.01 versus Euro-Collins solution), 87.9 +/- 7.7 (p < 0.01 versus University of Wisconsin solution; p < 0.01 versus Euro-Collins solution), and 53.5 +/- 6.0, respectively. All aerodynamic parameters in the lungs flushed with extracellular fluid type solutions were superior to those flushed with intracellular fluid type solutions. We conclude that the efficacy of initial flushing was essential for successful lung preservation and that extracellular fluid type solutions were superior to intracellular fluid type solutions, at least for flushing the lung before storage with University of Wisconsin solution. Potassium concentration in flushing solution should be 20 mmol/L or less to obtain appropriate flushing and subsequent adequate distribution of the storage solution.
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PMID:Impact of initial flush potassium concentration on the adequacy of lung preservation. 777 73

We have retrospectively evaluated islet isolation records collected from 230 consecutive adult pancreases with 146 pancreases fulfilling all criteria for our evaluation. Fifty-six pancreases procured by our local organ procurement team (33 before in situ vascular flush and 23 after in situ vascular flush with University of Wisconsin [UW] solution) were compared with 90 pancreases received from distant centers that were shipped in UW solution after in situ vascular flushing. Cold storage of 3-26 hr preceded islet isolation using collagenase digestion and Ficoll purification. Recoveries of islets were assessed by duplicate counts of dithizone-stained aliquots before and after purification. Isolations were considered successful if > 100,000 viable islets (islet equivalents to 150 microns) were recovered after purification. Islet function was assessed by in vitro glucose-stimulated perifusion and islets were considered viable if the stimulation index (glucose stimulated over basal insulin secretion) was > 2. Eighty-three percent of the isolations from locally procured, UW-flushed pancreases were successful, as compared with 86% for pancreases that were stored for 3 to 8 hr, 73% for 8 to 16 hr of storage, and 38% for isolations following > 16 hr of cold storage. Increasing the duration of cold storage prior to islet isolation was associated with an increased proportion of failed isolations and decreased measures of islet viability. The actual numbers of islets per gram of pancreas before and after purification were significantly reduced if the hypothermic cold storage was > 16 hr. In vitro viability of isolated islets during glucose-stimulated perifusion showed a higher percentage of viable islets from pancreases with shorter durations of cold storage. For pancreases with > 16 hr of cold storage prior to islet isolation, islet viability was significantly reduced. We conclude that, with the current methods available to recover and store cadaver donor pancreases and the methods currently used to isolate human islets, yields of purified islets decline significantly from human pancreases that have been subjected to cold storage of > 16-18 hr.
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PMID:Human pancreas preservation prior to islet isolation. Cold ischemic tolerance. 788 93

Rabbit hearts were subjected to 24-h cold ischaemic storage (at 0 degree-2 degrees C in melting ice) after initial flushing with either St Thomas' cardioplegic solution (STS) or modified lactobionate/raffinose solution (LR), and the status of phosphorylated energy metabolites was measured by 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (P NMR) spectroscopy. In both groups signals for ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) were still detectable by 31P NMR after 24 h, and there was significantly more ATP in the LR group (P < 0.01). The hearts were then subjected to coronary reperfusion via an aortic cannula using the same storage solution (either STS or LR) at 6 degrees-8 degrees C, which was oxygenated. In both groups PCr recovered within 30 min of cold reperfusion, and by 60 min PCr was significantly higher in the LR group (P < 0.001). Also, levels of ATP were maintained at higher values during cold reperfusion i the LR group. These studies suggest two important points: (1) the general supply of phosphorylated high-energy intermediates of hearts during cold ischaemic storage is better preserved using LR, and (2) brief cold reperfusion may be used to restore energy metabolism in hearts before re-implantation.
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PMID:Resuscitation of cardiac energy metabolism in the rabbit heart by brief hypothermic reperfusion after preservation studied by 31P NMR spectroscopy. 788 58


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