Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016382 (flushing)
 6,387 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Assessment of endothelial integrity is an obligatory step in many pharmacological studies. Integrity of endothelium is affected by manipulations performed during the removal and cleaning of the vessel and by some of the silver-staining techniques utilized for demonstrating interendothelial junctions. When aortas were cleaned of periadventitial tissue in cold Tris-saline (once separated from the animal) by untrained personnel, only 45% of the endothelium was preserved. When cleaning was performed in situ by trained personnel while flushing with cold Krebs-Ringer-6% albumin, over 95% was left intact. AgNO3-staining performed before fixation produced a 50% loss of endothelium when using NH4Br and (NH4)2S as developers. AgNO3-staining performed after fixation produced over 95% recuperation of endothelium when 2% glutaraldehyde, 150 mM NaCl, 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, were utilized as initial fixative, NH4Br and (NH4)2S being equally effective as developers. Chloride ions were necessary to intensify silver lines. Several patterns of deendothelization were produced by mechanical and chemical injury with saponin, NH4Br and (NH4)2S. In all cases, hematoxylin staining was employed as an auxiliary technique to interpret images of injured endothelium. Presence of albumin protected the endothelium from mechanical damage.
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PMID:Technical considerations in evaluating the endothelial integrity of rat aortic preparations with silver staining. 170 30

The role of prostaglandin E1 (PgE1) and prostacyclin in enhancing the ischemic tolerance of single-lung grafts was investigated. Fifteen donor dogs underwent pulmonary artery flushing with 60 mL/kg of 4 degrees C modified Euro-Collins solution; 5 dogs each received a 15-minute infusion of PgE1, prostacyclin, or saline solution before flushing. After 12 hours of storage at 4 degrees C, left lung transplantation was performed in 15 recipient dogs. Measurements were performed after 10 minutes of right pulmonary artery snaring before transplantation, after transplantation, and after 2, 4, and 6 hours of reperfusion. At 6 hours, the oxygen tensions (on 100% O2) were 478 +/- 64, 296 +/- 75, 79 +/- 12, and 71 +/- 23 mm Hg in control (nontransplanted), prostacyclin-, PgE1-, and saline-treated dogs, respectively (p less than 0.05, prostacyclin or control versus saline and PgE1 dogs). Mean pulmonary artery pressures increased within each group during reperfusion, but were not significantly different among groups. Similarly, peak inspiratory pressures and wet weight to dry weight ratios were not significantly different among groups after 6 hours of reperfusion. We conclude that donor pretreatment with prostacyclin is associated with superior oxygen transfer in canine lung allografts after 12 hours of cold storage, transplantation, and 6 hours of reperfusion. In this model, donor pretreatment with PgE1 conferred no benefit to prolonged lung allograft preservation.
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PMID:Prolonged preservation of canine lung allografts: the role of prostaglandins. 202 3

Five hundred ninety-three cadaveric livers were used for primary liver transplantation between October 24, 1987, and May 19, 1989. The grafts were procured with a combined method, using in situ cooling with cold electrolyte solution and backtable flushing with UW solution. The mean cold-ischemia time was 12.8 (range 2.4-34.7) hr. The cases were divided into 5 groups according to the cold-ischemia time: group 1: less than 10 hr (n = 223); group 2: 10-14 hr (n = 188); group 3: 15-19 hr (n = 101); group 4: 20-24 hr (n = 52); and group 5: greater than or equal to 25 hr (n = 29). There was no difference between the 5 groups in 1-year patient survival, highest SGOT in first week after operation, and SGOT and total bilirubin during the first month after operation. However, with a logistic regression model, the retransplantation rate (P = 0.001) and primary nonfunction rate (P = 0.006) significantly rose as cold-ischemia time increased, meaning that the equivalency of patient survival was increasingly dependent on aggressive retransplantation.
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PMID:Effect of cold ischemia time on the early outcome of human hepatic allografts preserved with UW solution. 203 Dec 56

The effect of organ flushing with the calcium entry blocker verapamil on the conversion of innocent enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) to superoxide generating enzyme xanthine oxidase (XOD) in ischemic rat livers was studied. This enzyme conversion progressed over time in warm or cold ischemia. In non-flushed livers, the activities of XOD as percentages of XDH plus XOD after 6 h at 37 degrees C and 6 days at 4 degrees C were 80.3 +/- 5.2 and 31.6 +/- 2.1, respectively. In the livers flushed with Euro-Collins solution, the conversion was inhibited to 37.0 +/- 3.9% (P less than 0.001) after 6 h of warm ischemia, while this inhibitory effect was not found in cold ischemia. Verapamil given through the portal vein on flushing further suppressed the conversion in both warm and cold ischemia (with 5.0 microM of verapamil, 21.2 +/- 5.8% (P less than 0.001) after 6 h of warm ischemia and 25.2 +/- 3.3% (P less than 0.01) after 6 days of cold ischemia). A similar effect was also obtained with the addition of 10 or 30 mM of EGTA instead of verapamil. In contrast, no inhibitory effect on conversion was obtained in livers flushed and homogenized with 10.0 microM of verapamil followed by incubation for 6 h at 37 degrees C. In the livers that were flushed and stored at a warm temperature for 6 h, verapamil reduced the increase of tissue lipid peroxidation product (P less than 0.02) after 15 min of reperfusion. Although the precise mechanisms of these inhibitory effects of verapamil on the enzyme conversion are still uncertain, it is thought that organ flushing with verapamil might reduce the XOD-mediated postischemic reperfusion injury in livers subjected to prolonged ischemia.
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PMID:Effect of verapamil on conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat liver. 208 35

To assess the effectiveness of pulmonary perfusion we evaluated the lung mechanics of 36 canine lungs in an isolated perfused working lung (IPWL) model. Four groups of lungs (n = 9 each) were preserved by pulmonary artery flushing with either high-potassium colloid (UW), high-potassium crystalloid (EuroCollins', EC), low-potassium crystalloid control (lactate), or low-potassium substrate-enhanced crystalloid (RPMI) followed by 130 +/- 10 min of cold storage. Ventilation remained constant (TV 10 ml/kg at 14 breaths/min with 5 cm H2O PEEP). Assessed data included lung resistance (R), timed expiratory volume (EV0.3 sec as %TV), lung compliance (C), elastic work (Wel), and flow-resistive work (Wres). Immediately following storage, R and Wel were similar for all groups (16 +/- 3 cm H2O/liter/sec and 149 +/- 18 gm/min). UW preserved lungs were less compliant (1.5 +/- 0.1 X 10(-2) liter/cm H2O) and required more inspiratory work (Wres 5.8 +/- 0.8 gm/min) compared to the low-potassium crystalloid (Lactate) group (2.0 +/- 0.1 X 10(-2) liter/cm H2O and 3.4 +/- 0.6 gm/min, respectively, P less than 0.05). For 3 hr of reperfusion, crystalloid lungs showed no significant change in R, C, Wel, or Wres. In contrast, R of the UW group increased significantly to 32 +/- 5 and 40 +/- 8 cmH2O/liter/sec at 1 and 3 hr, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Aerodynamic evaluation of crystalloid and colloid flush perfusion for lung preservation. 226 83

A total of 278 orthotopic rat liver grafts, without arterialization, were performed, in an attempt to determine which of the individual components of UW solution are essential. Livers were preserved by in situ flushing and cold storage with the following results: 56% of rats survived for 1 week after 9 hr of preservation with UW solution as compared with 44% using Marshall solution, and 10% using Collins solution. Having established LD 50 for UW solution, we then omitted its components one at a time and found that omission of HES, raffinose, allopurinol, adenosine, phosphate buffer, or MgSO4 did not change survival after 9 hr of preservation. Omission of lactobionate, glutathione, and dexamethasone, respectively, resulted in decreased survival, whereas elimination of insulin surprisingly increased survival. In ensuing dose-response studies, the concentrations of lactobionate, glutahione, dexamethasone in UW solution proved to be optimal. Finally, livers were preserved with a solution containing only lactobionate, glutathione, dexamethasone, raffinose, and phosphate buffer, resulting in 53% animal survival, as compared with 56% for the unchanged UW solution. We conclude that UW solution can be simplified without loss of effectiveness in this model.
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PMID:Rat liver preservation. I. The components of UW solution that are essential to its success. 236 Feb 49

Differences in female workers' finger temperatures, manual dexterity, ratings on thermal comfort, and local cooling exposure were studied in three factories in the Faroe Island fishing industry. Environmental temperatures in the factories varied from 5 to 19 degrees C with vertical gradients of 7 degrees C/m, and the mean temperatures of the flushing water varied from 2 to 15 degrees C. Finger temperature varied from 12 to 24 degrees C when measured 2 min after work was stopped, and about one-third of the women experienced thermal discomfort in the fingers during work. The fish temperature increased, on the average, less than 1 degrees C during passage through the production room, notwithstanding the thermal differences among the factories. These findings should be used in attempts to reduce the cold exposure of the workers; but also improved control should be recommended for both environmental and water temperatures in the factories.
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PMID:Moderate cold exposure in the Faroe fishing industry. 238 35

Cold-storage preservation of the canine pancreas prior to islet isolation has previously been noted to reduce the intrasplenic islet autograft success rate; but the mechanism of this deleterious effect has not been determined. We undertook a study in both outbred dogs and Lewis (RT1-1) rats to determine the influence of cold-storage preservation interval, preservation solution, and flushing technique on islet yield and islet viability. The preservation solutions used were those that had proved most efficacious in preserving segmental canine pancreases--namely, the modifications of silica gel fractionated plasma (SGF-III and SGF-IV) and an hydroxyethylstarch/lactobionate solution (UW-1). In the first set of experiments, the traditional vascular flush was used; this was followed by storage at 4 degrees C. After brief periods of preservation (3 hr in the rat, 12 hr in the dog) there was a significant (P less than 0.006) reduction in islet yield. The reduced yields were similar with each solution tested, were made worse with increasing intervals of storage, and resulted in a significant reduction in autograft success rate. The second set of experiments examined the effect of using an intraductal flush prior to preservation, along with the effect of adding collagenase to the preservation fluid. Islet yields were maintained at control values in both animal models using preservation intervals of up to 24 hr. These islet yields produced auto- or isograft success rates similar to those obtained by transplanting freshly obtained tissue; verifying adequate islet viability. We recommend that a pre-storage ductal flush technique be used for cold-storage preservation of the pancreas prior to islet isolation and transplantation.
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PMID:Cold-storage preservation of the canine and rat pancreas prior to islet isolation. 249 30

The UW solution developed for cold storage of the liver, pancreas, and kidney was used in a modified form in this study and tested in the orthotopic transplantation of dog livers, kidneys, and pancreases preserved for 48 hr. The modification was the alteration of the concentrations of potassium and sodium. The original UW solution contained 120 mM K+ and 30 mM Na+. In this study the Na+ was 140 mM and the K+ only 9 mM, all other agents were identical to the original UW solution. Six of 11 dogs survived with livers preserved for 48 hr. The five deaths were due to technical complications and unrelated to preservation failure. Postoperative AST and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) values were lower (statistically significant on days 1, 3, and 4) in livers preserved in the high Na+ UW solution than as previously shown in the high-k+ UW solution. Other measures of liver function (bilirubin and fibrinogen) were similar between the high-Na+ and high-K+ groups. Six dogs survived with kidneys preserved for 48 hr in the high-Na+ UW solution. The results were comparable to those obtained with the high K+ solution. Four of six dogs survived for up to 28 days with pancreases preserved for 48 hr. The two deaths were due to technical complications unrelated to preservation failure. Three of the four dogs had normal blood glucose values for one month, and intravenous glucose tolerances test on day 7 and 28 were identical to those obtained in pancreases preserved with the high-K+ UW solution. The high-Na+ version of the UW solution appears equally or slightly more effective for 48-hr organ preservation than the original high-K+ UW solution. The use of a high-Na+ UW solution reduces the problems of hyperkalemic cardiac arrest in in situ flushing of the donor for multiple organ harvesting and in transplantation of the liver. Thus, with this solution livers do not need to be flushed with a low K+-containing solution prior to transplantation.
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PMID:Preservation of dog liver, kidney, and pancreas using the Belzer-UW solution with a high-sodium and low-potassium content. 266 Mar 54

In Experiment 1, hens laying hard-shell (HS) eggs were sacrificed at each of eight stages of egg formation including oviposition (0 h) and 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after oviposition. In Experiment 2, hens laying either shell-less (SL) or HS eggs were sacrificed at four stages of egg formation (oviposition, 4, 8, and 20 h after oviposition). The isthmus and uterus were flushed with 6 and 10 mL of cold .85% NaCl, respectively, and electrolyte contents were determined. Total flushing contents of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were higher (P less than or equal to .01) in uterine than in isthmic flushings (Experiment 1). In every case, an interaction (P less than or equal to .01) between time of collection and organ (isthmus and uterus) was found, indicating that patterns of change in flushing content of each electrolyte differed in the two organs over time in birds laying HS eggs. In Experiment 2, total recoverable calcium, magnesium, potassium, and total protein were higher in uterine than isthmic flushings (P less than .01). Interactions between time of collection (0, 4, 8, and 20 h) and treatment group (SL or HS) were observed for all electrolytes measured in uterine flushings. Results suggest that calcium, required for shell calcification, does not appear in the isthmic or uterine lumen or both at an appropriate time in SL hens. Thus, production of SL eggs may be related to mechanisms regulating patterns of change or ratios of electrolytes (calcium, magnesium, potassium) or both in the isthmus or uterus of the laying hen.
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PMID:Characterization of electrolytes and protein content in isthmic and uterine flushings from hens laying shell-less versus hard-shell eggs. 270 99


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