Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0015695 (fatty liver)
 13,941 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study reproduces in experimental animals the sequential development of all the liver lesions seen in the human alcoholic: in 15 baboons fed ethanol, all developed fatty liver, five progressed to hepatitis, and five had cirrhosis. Maintenance of a nutritionally adequate regimen despite the intake of inebriating amounts of ethanol (50% of total calories) was achieved by incorporation of the ethanol in a totally liquid diet. Upon ethanol withdrawal, signs of physical dependence, such as seizures and tremors, developed. Ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were already present at the fatty liver stage and persisted throughout the hepatitis and cirrhosis. The lesions were similar to those observed in alcoholics (including the inflammation and the central sclerosis) and differed from the alterations produced by choline and protein defiencies. At the fatty liver stage, some "adaptive" increases in activity of microsomal enzymes [aniline hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.1) and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system] were observed, but these tended to disappear with the development of hepatitis and cirrhosis. Fat accumulation was also much more pronounced in the animals with the hepatitis as compared with those with simple fatty liver (an 18-fold compared with 3- to 4-fold increase in liver triglycerides). The demonstration that these lesions can develop despite an adequate diet indicates that in addition to correction of the nutritional status, control of alcohol intake is mandatory for the management of patients with alcoholic liver injury.
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PMID:Sequential production of fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis in sub-human primates fed ethanol with adequate diets. 105 27

Techniques are reviewed for the experimental feeding of alcohol, including a liquid diet procedure invented 25 years ago. This technique results in much higher ethanol intake than with other approaches. As a consequence, various complications observed in alcoholics can be reproduced in animal models. These include fatty liver, hyperlipemia, various metabolic and endocrine disorders, tolerance to ethanol and other drugs, physical dependence and withdrawal and, in the baboon, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Variations of the liquid diet formulation are compared, and adequacy of nutrition in terms of minerals, vitamins, lipotropes, carbohydrates and proteins is discussed. The importance of selecting proper controls is emphasized. The respective advantages of three standardized basic rat formulas are reviewed: (i) an all-purpose (35% fat) diet, comparable to the diet previously referred to as the "Lieber-DeCarli formula" and suitable for most experimental applications, particularly those intended to mimic the clinical situation in which the various effects of alcohol occur in the setting of hepatic changes characterized by a fatty liver; (ii) a low-fat diet comparable in all respects to the preceding diet but with a lower fat content, intended to minimize the hepatic changes, and (iii) a high-protein formula particularly useful in those circumstances in which an oversupply of dietary protein might be recommended (i.e. pregnancy). Variations of this technique, including continuous intragastric infusion, are also discussed. It is concluded that, for most experimental studies of chronic alcohol consumption, the liquid diet technique provides one of the most efficient tools to study the effects of ethanol under controlled nutritional conditions because it allows for alcohol consumption of clinical relevance and offers flexibility to adjust to special experimental or physiologic needs by allowing for various substitutions required for a particular experimental design, including changes in lipids, proteins or other dietary constituents. The technique also facilitates the comparison with controls by simplifying the pair feeding and is the best procedure available for the study of the toxic effects of alcohol and their interactions with deficiency or excess of various nutrients.
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PMID:Experimental methods of ethanol administration. 267 71

The technique of feeding ethanol as part of a totally liquid diet was invented two decades ago and its successful application for the intervening period is reviewed. This technique results in much higher ethanol intake than with conventional procedures. As a consequence, various complications observed in alcoholics were reproduced in animal models, including fatty liver, hyperlipemia, various metabolic and endocrine disorders, tolerance to ethanol and other drugs, physical dependence and withdrawal, the fetal alcohol syndrome and, in the baboon, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Variations of the liquid diet formulation are compared and three standardized basic formulas are being proposed for the rat: (1) a regular diet, comparable to the diet previously referred to as the "Lieber-DeCarli Formula" and suitable for most experimental applications, particularly those intended to mimic the clinical situation in which the various effects of alcohol occur in the setting of liver changes characterized by a fatty liver; (2) a low fat diet comparable in all respects to the preceding diet but with a lower fat content, intended to minimize the hepatic changes; and (3) a high protein formula particularly useful in those circumstances in which an oversupply of dietary protein might be recommended (i.e., pregnancy and lactation).
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PMID:The feeding of alcohol in liquid diets: two decades of applications and 1982 update. 675 24