Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of piracetam, a cyclical derivative of GABA, was compared with that of a placebo in a double-blind study of 60 patients with post-concussional syndrome of 2-12 months' duration. The daily dose of piracetam was 4,800 mg. After 8 weeks of treatment piracetam significantly reduced the occurrence and severity of the following symptoms: vertigo, headache, tiredness, decresed alertness, increased sweating and neurasthenic symptoms. No significant effect was observed on the following symptoms: tremor, orthostatic symptoms, and memory disorders. Side effect were reported by 64% of the patients under piracetam and by 32% under placebo. In the author's opinion, piracetam seems to be a promising new drug for the treatment of post-concussional syndrome.
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PMID:Piracetam in the treatment of post-concussional syndrome. A double-blind study. 34 47

The effects of microiontophoretic application of glutamate, GABA and the GABA antagonist, bicuculline methiodide were tested on the degree of adaptation exhibited by striate cortical cells to moving sin wave grating patterns. Application of GABA, which prevents firing of the cell and thereby any fatigue of the cell, did not reduce the degree of adaptation. Administration of either glutamate or GABA, without simultaneous exposure to the adapting high-contrast gratings did not reduce the sensitivity of the cell to subsequent exposure of a low-contrast grating, showing that adaptation is not caused by the excitatory or inhibitory activity of the cell itself. Application of the GABA antagonist, bicuculline did not prevent pattern adaptation, indicating that the lowered sensitivity of the cell is not mediated by a GABAergic inhibition acting on the cell. Thus adaptation of a striate neuron is not due to altered sensitivity of the cell to a constant input but depends upon changes in the input itself. It is most likely that these changes occur in a co-operative cortical network, whose effect on individual cortical cells is mediated by intracortical excitatory connections.
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PMID:Pattern adaptation in cat visual cortex is a co-operative phenomenon. 221 17

1. The anticonvulsant potency of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA, GVG) was studied in an open trial in a group of 21 mentally handicapped patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. 2. With this treatment one third of these patients had more than 50% reduction in seizure frequency. The anticonvulsant effect appeared during the first month of therapy and was maintained during a 7-month study. The side effects were mild: mainly tiredness, aggressiveness, and ataxia. Other anticonvulsant drugs remained at baseline levels during GVG therapy. GVG was not found to modulate EEG recordings. 3. According to our results, GVG is effective for treating intractable epilepsy in mentally handicapped patients.
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PMID:Vigabatrin in epilepsy in mentally retarded patients. 275 2

We studied the antiepileptic potency of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA, GVG) as an open trial in a group of 36 mentally handicapped patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (30 had seizures of partial onset and 6 had primary generalized [PG] tonic-clonic convulsions). With this treatment, 13 (43%) of the patients with seizures of partial onset and 2 (33%) with PG had more than 50% reduction in seizure frequency. The antiepileptic effect appeared during the first month of therapy and continued throughout the 7-month study. The side effects were mild: tiredness, aggressiveness, and ataxia. Other antiepileptic drugs remained at baseline levels during GVG therapy. GVG did not alter EEG recordings. Our results suggest that GVG is effective for treatment of intractable epilepsy, especially the partial type, in mentally retarded patients. Longer follow-up is needed, however, to determine that the clinical effect is maintained and that no severe side effects appear.
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PMID:Effect of vigabatrin on epilepsy in mentally retarded patients: a 7-month follow-up study. 336 72

The therapeutic efficacy and safety of oxiracetam (ISF 2522), a new nootropic cyclic GABA derivative, were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 40 patients with organic brain syndrome in late life. The psychopathology was characterized by memory deficits, intellectual dysfunction, lack of drive, and disturbance of affectivity. Patients were randomly assigned to a 4-week treatment with either 2 X 400 mg oxiracetam capsules t.i.d. or identical placebo capsules in the same dosing schedule. Evaluation of the psychopathology and side effects was carried out at weeks 0, 1 and 4; laboratory tests (hematology, blood chemistry and urinalysis), a battery of psychometric tests and quantitative EEG investigations were done at weeks 0 and 4. In the oxiracetam group a slight but significant improvement in global symptomatology was observed within 1 week, with further improvement after 4 weeks. In the placebo group, an improvement was seen only in the 4th week. Evaluation of the detailed psychopathology by means of the Sandoz clinical assessment geriatric scale (SCAG) showed in the oxiracetam group significant improvements in loss of appetite and vertigo after 1 week and in short-term memory, anxiety, emotional lability, fatigue, loss of appetite and vertigo after 4 weeks. In contrast, not a single item improved significantly during placebo treatment. Although the differences in SCAG scores between the two groups failed to reach statistical significance, the overall trend towards improvement was significantly better in the oxiracetam group. The tolerability of the drug was good.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological investigations with oxiracetam in the organic brain syndrome of late life. 389 95

Hyperexplexia is a disease of neonatal onset characterized by an exaggerated startle reflex. Early diagnosis is important to rule out epilepsy. Clinical findings are mainly hypertony and generalized startle reflex which is exaggerated by tiredness and some exogenous stimuli. Electroencephalogram is normal. The expression of the disease is variable including minor forms that may be unnoticed and major forms with arthrogryposis-like symptoms, orthopedic complications, false passages, apnea and even sudden infant death (SID). The evolution is generally benign and symptoms disappear within 2 or 3 years. A neuromotor retardation is often present, without intellectual deficit. In severe forms, the risk of SID requires a multidisciplinary follow-up including monitoring and treatment with clonazepam. A low GABA level in cerebrospinal fluid has been reported. Present etiological hypotheses include neuromediator and/or receptor dysfunction.
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PMID:[Hyperexplexia]. 764 Jul 41

The new antiepileptic drug vigabatrin acts by preventing degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid). This appears to decrease propagation of abnormal hypersynchronous discharges, thus reducing seizure activity. In an open study in 46 patients with intractable epilepsy, supplementary therapy with vigabatrin reduced seizure by at least 50% in 15 patients. Three patients became seizure-free. The best effect of vigabatrin is seen in patients with partial epilepsy. Tiredness and irritability were the most frequently reported side effects, but these were usually mild and transient.
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PMID:[Vigabatrin--a new antiepileptic agent]. 799 31

Topiramate is a recently licensed and marketed antiepileptic drug in the UK for use as add-on therapy for refractory partial epilepsy. It has multiple modes of action involving voltage-dependent sodium channels, GABA receptors and glutamate receptors. Topiramate has very favourable pharmacokinetics as it is primarily excreted unchanged. Its metabolism is, however, increased by enzyme inducers, and it can inhibit the metabolism of phenytoin in some patients. Its efficacy as adjunctive treatment in refractory partial epilepsy in adults appears good, over 40% of patients have a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency when topiramate is added to their regime with up to 7% becoming seizure free. The main adverse events are ataxia, impaired concentration, confusion, dizziness, fatigue, parasthesia, somnolence and "thinking abnormal'. Most of these occurred during rapid titration. During long-term treatment, weight loss also occurred and nephrolithiasis occurred in 1.5% of patients receiving topiramate. Topiramate is a useful and well-tolerated addition to our treatment of refractory epilepsy, but it should be titrated slowly in order to avoid adverse events.
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PMID:Topiramate: a new antiepileptic drug for refractory epilepsy. 890 21

Response habituation (RH) has been suggested to reflect the role of the mammalian superior colliculus (SC) as a novelty detector. In the present study, we show that RH occurs in the SC slice preparation and is caused partially by the activation of inhibitory GABA receptors. No evidence for the contribution of presynaptic transmitter release was found and the block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors facilitated RH for a higher stimulation frequency. Since RH could not be abolished completely by any treatment, it appears that other mechanisms such as a general metabolic fatigue may contribute to RH. Nevertheless, RH must be taken into account when performing repeated stimulation in the SC slice preparation.
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PMID:Response habituation in the superficial layers of the guinea-pig superior colliculus in vitro. 912 87

In a multicenter, double-blind trial, 310 patients who had received a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder were treated for 6 weeks with either abecarnil, diazepam, or placebo at mean daily doses of 12 mg of abecarnil or 22 mg of diazepam administered three times daily. Patients who were improved at 6 weeks could volunteer to continue double-blind treatment for a total of 24 weeks. The maintenance treatment phase allowed the comparison of taper results for the three treatments at several study periods (0-6 weeks, 7-12 weeks, and more than 12 weeks). Slightly more diazepam (77%) and placebo (75%) patients completed the 6-week study than abecarnil patients (66%). At intake and baseline, after a 1-week placebo washout, the patient was required to have a Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety score of > or =20. Major adverse events for both abecarnil and diazepam were drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, and coordination difficulties. Clinical improvement data showed that both abecarnil and diazepam produced statistically significantly more symptom relief than did placebo after 1 week of treatment. At 6 weeks treatment (using last observation carried forward analysis), however, only diazepam still differed significantly (p < 0.01) from placebo. High placebo response (56% moderate to marked global improvement) at 6 weeks, as well as a slightly lower nonsignificant improvement rate observed with abecarnil, a partial y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, when compared with diazepam, a full GABA agonist, most likely contributed to our findings. Finally, taper results showed that only diazepam and not abecarnil caused the presence of temporary discontinuation symptoms, but only in patients who had been treated for at least 12 weeks.
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PMID:A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of abecarnil and diazepam in the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder. 1065 3


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