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 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the effects of age on changes in the force and velocity components of knee extension (KE) power during 16 weeks of traditional progressive resistance training (PRT). Thirty-one young (27 +/- 1 years, 16 men, 15 women) and 30 older (64 +/- 1 years, 14 men, 16 women) adults trained by KE, leg press, and squat 3 days/week. PRT consisted of three sets with an appropriate load for 8-12 repetitions to fatigue. Testing occurred at baseline, 8, and 16 weeks. Thigh lean mass (TLM) was measured by DEXA. KE load-power and load-velocity curves were generated from peak concentric contractions against loads equivalent to 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) force. Quadriceps neural activation relative to maximum was assessed during a sit-to-stand task. Participants increased KE 1RM (P < 0.05) by 8 weeks with young adults also increasing strength from 8 to 16 weeks. Adjusting for TLM, all groups increased KE specific strength (P < 0.05). MVC improved by 8 weeks in older adults and by 16 weeks in young subjects (P < 0.05). Neural activation requirements during standing and sitting declined in older adults by 8 weeks (P < 0.05). The KE load-power curve improved for all groups (P < 0.05) by 8 weeks with only young adults improving from 8 to 16 weeks. Peak concentric velocity increased only in older adults (P < 0.05). Training improvements in power resulted primarily from increases in strength both early and late for young adults while older adults realized early improvements in both strength and peak concentric velocity.
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PMID:Contributions of force and velocity to improved power with progressive resistance training in young and older adults. 1716 58

The aim of this study was to determine whether the objective activity level of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is associated with situational factors in elementary school. A total of 16 children with combined-type AD/HD (13 boys, 3 girls) and 20 controls matched for age and gender participated in the study. All the participants wore the objective measurement of activity level for 1 week while attending elementary school. The average activity levels were calculated for the morning and afternoon classes. The classes were categorized into four types: (i) in-seat classes, in which the participants were expected to learn quietly while sitting in their own seats; (ii) not-in-seat classes, in which the participants were not expected to sit in their seats; (iii) physical education classes; and (iv) lunch/recess periods. During the afternoon in-seat classes, the children with AD/HD were significantly more active than the controls. However, no significant differences based on the group (children with AD/HD or controls) were observed during the other morning or afternoon classes. These findings indicate that in naturalistic settings where the effects of situational demands involving inhibition and the effect of fatigue overlapped, the children with AD/HD exhibited an activity level that was different from that exhibited by the controls. Differences in the activity levels of children with AD/HD and normal controls were identified using an objective measurement of activity level when two situational factors overlapped.
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PMID:Association between activity level and situational factors in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elementary school. 1736 36

Downhill skiing is considered to be an enjoyable activity for children and adolescents, but it is not without its risks and injuries. Injury rates now range between 3.9 and 9.1 injuries per 1000 skier days, and there has been a well documented increase in the number of trauma cases and fatalities associated with this sport. Head and neck injuries are considered the primary cause of fatal injuries and constitute 11-20% of total injuries among children and adolescents. Cranial trauma is responsible for up to 54% of total hospital injuries and 67% of all fatalities, whereas thoracoabdominal and spine injuries comprise 4-10% of fatalities. Furthermore, there has been an increase in the proportion of upper extremity trauma with acromioclavicular dislocations, and clavicle and humeral fractures accounting for the majority (22-79%) of the injuries. However, the most common and potentially serious injuries in children and adolescents are those to the lower extremity, with knee sprains and anterior cruciate ligament tears accounting for up to 47.7% of total injuries. Knee sprains and grade III ligament trauma associated with lower leg fractures account for 39-77% of ski injuries in this young population. Approximately 15% of downhill skiing injuries among children and adolescents are caused by musculoskeletal immaturity. Other factors include excessive fatigue, age, level of experience, and inappropriate or improperly adjusted equipment. Collisions and falls constitute a significant portion (up to 76%) of trauma, and are commonly associated with excessive speed, adverse slope conditions, overconfidence leading to carelessness, and behavioural patterns within and among gender. The type and severity of injuries are typically functions of biomechanical efficiency, skiing velocity or slope conditions; however, a multiplicative array of intrinsic and extrinsic factors may simultaneously be involved. Despite extensive efforts to provide a comprehensive picture of the aetiology of injury, limitations have hampered reporting. These limitations include age and injury awareness, data collection challenges, lack of uniformity in the definition or delineation of age classification and lack of knowledge of predisposing factors prior to injury. Since skill level is the primary impetus in minimising ski injuries, formal instruction focusing on strategies such as collision avoidance and helmet use, fall training minimising lower extremity trauma, altering ski technique and avoiding behaviours that lead to excessive risk are, therefore, highly recommended. Skiing equipment should be outfitted to match the young skier's height, weight, level of experience, boot size and slope conditions. Additionally, particular attention should be paid to slope management (i.e. overcrowding, trail and obstacle marker upkeep) and minimising any opportunity for excessive speed where children are present. Whether increases in knowledge, education and technology will reduce predisposition to injury among this population remains to be seen. As with all high-risk sports, the answer may lie in increased wisdom and responsibility of both the skier and the parent to ensure an adequate level of ability, self-control and simply common sense as they venture out on the slopes.
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PMID:Downhill ski injuries in children and adolescents. 1750 75

Treatment for breast cancer patients includes surgical removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy frequently results in difficult to manage symptoms that threaten compliance with the therapy. Symptoms include fatigue, declines in functional ability, muscle wasting, and a decreased quality of life. Preparing the body to tolerate a stressful event such as chemotherapy has been termed "prehabilitation". This case study determined the efficacy of introducing aerobic training 1 week prior to and continuing through 8 weeks of chemotherapy on fatigue and functional ability in a 42-year-old newly diagnosed breast cancer patient. The patient participated in a supervised and home-based walking program. Fatigue during daily activities and functional ability (12-minute walk, ascending and descending stairs, sit to stand, getting to and rising from the floor, 30-second bicep curl) were measured before and after exercise training. Results indicate that 5 of 7 functional measures demonstrated improvement, ranging from 23.4- 54.5%. In addition, fatigue while performing activities of daily living, as well as following the performance of the functional tasks, was reduced. The findings of this case study indicate that fatigue can be decreased and functional ability can be improved as a result of aerobic training initiated 1 week before and continued throughout chemotherapy. This case study presents a novel approach to introducing exercise prior to and continued during 8 weeks of chemotherapy in a way that may reduce the cumulative effects of this stressor.
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PMID:Effects of aerobic training prior to and during chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient: a case study. 1753 Sep 64

Football (soccer) training and matches are scheduled at different times throughout the day. Association football involves a variety of fitness components as well as psychomotor and game-related cognitive skills. The purpose of the present research, consisting of two separate studies, was to determine whether game-related skills varied with time of day in phase with global markers of both performance and the body clock. In the first study, eight diurnally active male association football players (19.1+/-1.9 yrs of age; mean+/-SD) with 10.8+/-2.1 yrs playing experience participated. Measurements were made on different days at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 h in a counterbalanced manner. Time-of-day changes in intra-aural temperature (used as a marker of the body clock), grip strength, reaction times, flexibility (markers of aspects of performance), juggling and dribbling tasks, and wall-volley test (football-specific skills) were compared. Significant (repeated measures analysis of variance, ANOVA) diurnal variations were found for body temperature (p<0.0005), choice reaction time (p<0.05), self-rated alertness (p<0.0005), fatigue (p<0.05), forward (sit-and-reach) flexibility (p<0.02), and right-hand grip strength (p<0.02), but not left-hand grip strength (p=0.40) nor whole-body (stand-and-reach) flexibility (p=0.07). Alertness was highest and fatigue lowest at 20:00 h. Football-specific skills of juggling performance showed significant diurnal variation (p<0.05, peak at 16:00 h), whereas performance on the wall-volley test tended to peak at 20:00 h and dribbling showed no time-of-day effect (p=0.55). In a second study, eight diurnally active subjects (23.0+/-0.7 yrs of age) completed five test sessions, at the same times as in the first study but with a second session at 08:00 h. Test-re-test comparisons at 08:00 h for all components indicated good reliability. Intra-aural temperature showed a significant time-of-day effect (p<0.001) with mean temperature at 16:00 h (36.4 degrees C) higher than at 08:00 h (35.4 degrees C). There was no significant effect of chronotype on the temperature acrophase (peak time) (p>0.05). Diurnal variation was found for performance tests, including sit-and-reach flexibility (p<0.01) and spinal hyper-extension (p<0.05). Peaks occurred between 16:00 and 20:00 h and the daytime changes paralleled the temperature rhythm. Diurnal variation was also found for football-specific tests, including dribbling time (p<0.001, peak at 20:00 h) and chip test performance (p<0.01), being more accurate at 16:00 h (mean error=0.75 m) than at 08:00 h (mean error=1.01 m). Results indicate football players perform at an optimum between 16:00 and 20:00 h when not only football-specific skills but also measures of physical performance are at their peak. Body temperature peaked at a similar time, but positive mood states seemed to peak slightly earlier. While causal links cannot be established in these experiments, the results indicate that the diurnal variation of some aspects of football performance is affected by factor(s) other than body temperature alone.
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PMID:Diurnal variation in temperature, mental and physical performance, and tasks specifically related to football (soccer). 1761 48

The objective of this study was to measure the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the soleus, bicep femoris, rectus femoris, lower abdominal, and lumbosacral erector spinae (LSES) muscles with a variety of (a) instability devices, (b) stable and unstable (Dyna Disc) exercises, and (c) a fatiguing exercise in 16 highly conditioned individuals. The device protocol had participants assume standing and squatting postures while balancing on a variety of unstable platforms (Dyna Disc, BOSU ball, wobble board, and a Swiss ball) and a stable floor. The exercise protocol had subjects performing, static front lunges, static side lunges, 1-leg hip extensions, 1-leg reaches, and calf raises on a floor or an unstable Dyna Disc. For the fatigue experiment, a wall sit position was undertaken under stable and unstable (BOSU ball) conditions. Results for the device experiment demonstrated increased activity for all muscles when standing on a Swiss ball and all muscles other than the rectus femoris when standing on a wobble board. Only lower abdominals and soleus EMG activity increased while squatting on a Swiss ball and wobble board. Devices such as the Dyna Disc and BOSU ball did not exhibit significant differences in muscle activation under any conditions, except the LSES in the standing Dyna Disc conditions. During the exercise protocol, there were no significant changes in muscle activity between stable and unstable (Dyna Disc) conditions. With the fatigue protocol, soleus EMG activity was 51% greater with a stable base. These results indicate that the use of moderately unstable training devices (i.e., Dyna Disc, BOSU ball) did not provide sufficient challenges to the neuromuscular system in highly resistance-trained individuals. Since highly trained individuals may already possess enhanced stability from the use of dynamic free weights, a greater degree of instability may be necessary.
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PMID:Not all instability training devices enhance muscle activation in highly resistance-trained individuals. 1854 66

If we consider a population of free-living individuals, who are 65 years old and even older, a substantial proportion (in the range of 6% to 25%) suffers from many of the elements of the syndrome of frailty. Although the syndrome is complex and still lacks a standard definition, there is a growing consensus about its signs and symptoms. Patients who are afflicted with frailty typically exhibit losses of muscle strength, fatigue easily, are physically inactive, with an increased risk (and fear) of falling, have undergone a recent, unintentional loss of weight, experience impaired cognition and depression, all of which is frequently complicated by a variety of coexistent illnesses. In this context, functional tests to predict disability and frailty are needed. Accelerometry offers a practical and low cost method of objectively monitoring human movements, and has particular applicability to the monitoring of disability in an aging population. Accelerometers have been used to monitor a range of different movements, including gait, sit to stand transfers and postural sway. This review focuses on methodological concepts in the evaluation of skeletal muscle function and monitoring systems (accelerometers and gyroscopes) in each of these areas. An integrated approach is described in which a combination of accelorometry and gyroscopy can be used to monitor a range of different parameters (muscle power, gait and balance) in an aging population in a clinical or out-patient setting.
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PMID:[Functional capacity evaluation in a clinical and ambulatory setting: new challenges of accelerometry to assessment balance and muscle power in aging population]. 1895 64

Each year, accidents involving mountain sports have many repercussions, including alarming public opinion and society. This study outlines the results of a qualitative study on the responses of 135 survivors of accidents that took place while mountaineering, climbing, downhill skiing and ski mountaineering, hiking, cross-country biking, and mountain racing. A content analysis was performed on the textual data obtained from the responses to an online survey. The identified causes were: environmental events, equipment, medical events, behavioral events, and time pressure, but they appear combined in different ways for the analyzed disciplines. Results show that for downhill skiing, direct causes of accidents were mainly behavioral: excessive speed, skiing errors, and fatigue. For ski mountaineering, direct causes were errors in decision-making and skiing. In mountaineering, precursors were unfavorable conditions, fatigue, lack of preparation, and skill errors. In climbing, difficulty is an omnipresent feature, but the precursors are mainly errors. Our results highlight the multi-causal nature of accidents that take place when practicing mountain sports. Finally, we examine the need to promote a mountain sports culture that highlights safety and injury prevention.
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PMID:The perception of causes of accidents in mountain sports: a study based on the experiences of victims. 1911 55

Sepiapterin reductase (SR) catalyses the last step in the tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis pathway; it converts 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin (6-PTP) to BH(4) in an NADPH-dependent reaction. SR deficiency is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder with normal phenylalanine (Phe) concentration in blood and diagnostic abnormalities are detected in CSF. We present a 16-month-old girl with SR deficiency. From the newborn period she presented with an adaptation regulatory disorder. At the age of 3 months, abnormal eye movements with dystonic signs and at 4.5 months psychomotor retardation were noticed. Since that time axial hypotonia with limb spasticity (or rather delayed reflex development), gastro-oesophageal reflux and fatigue at the end of the day has been observed. Brain MRI was normal; EEG was without epileptiform discharges. Analysis of biogenic amine metabolites in CSF at the age of 16 months showed very low HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations. Analysis of CSF pterins revealed strongly elevated dihydrobiopterin (BH(2)), slightly elevated neopterin and elevated sepiapterin levels. Plasma and CSF amino acids concentrations were normal. A phenylalanine loading test showed increased Phe after 1 h, 2 h and 4 h and very high Phe/Tyr ratios. SR deficiency was confirmed in fibroblasts and a novel homozygous g.1330C>G (p.N127K) SPR mutation was identified. On L-dopa and then additionally 5-hydroxytryptophan, the girl showed slow but remarkable progress in motor and intellectual ability. Now, at the age of 3 years, she is able to sit; expressive speech is delayed (to 1 1/2 years), passive speech is well developed. Her visual-motor skills, eye-hand coordination and social development correspond to the age of 2 1/2 years.
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PMID:Sepiapterin reductase deficiency in a 2-year-old girl with incomplete response to treatment during short-term follow-up. 1913 Feb 91

St. Vincent's Homecare implemented a remote monitoring project in which researchers studied whether the telehome health patients exhibit enhanced clinical outcomes and patient perceptions of telehome healthcare. Fifty congestive heart failure patients (n = 50) participated in this program. Data collection included pre and post Outcome and Assessment Information Set items, 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, and data from patient charts were used to capture demographic information. In addition, interviews were conducted in order to assess overall perceptions and attitudes. Results indicate significant changes occurring among respondents in three important aspects that impact their quality of life, namely, physical, behavioral, and emotional improvements. Specifically, statistical significance was documented at the 0.05 level regarding improvement for home telehealth patients in shortness of breath, management of oral medications, ability to engage in moderate activities, amount of energy, swelling in legs/ankles, need to sit/lie down during day, fatigue, need for hospitalization, side effects from treatment, and worry. Additionally, patients found the service easy to use and perceived the care they received via telehealth to be as good as regular in-person care.
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PMID:St. Vincent's Home telehealth for congestive heart failure patients. 1929 23


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