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 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this laboratory study was to examine the subjective, physiological and biomechanical responses to prolonged light repetitive manual work during standing on soft (polyurethane standard mat) and hard (aluminum casting) surfaces. The subjects stood on the hard (10 subjects) and on the soft surfaces (11 subjects) for 2 h. Intensity of unpleasantness, shank circumference, electromyograph (EMG) activities from the right soleus and tibialis anterior muscles, mean amplitude and total angular displacement around the left and right ankle in the saggital plane, centre of pressure (CoP) displacement in the frontal and saggital planes, calf surface temperature, and pain intensity in experimentally induced muscle pain were recorded. Maximal voluntary contraction and fatigue tests were performed before and after the 2 h experiment. Standing on a soft surface caused a lower intensity of unpleasantness. During standing on a hard surface compared to a soft one the results showed an enhanced swelling of the shank, an increased EMG activity (right soleus muscle) of the lower leg, a greater amplitude and total angular displacement, and a larger CoP displacement in the frontal plane. Indications of more pronounced muscle fatigue while standing on the hard surface were also noticed. After 105 min, experimental muscle pain was elicited by injecting hypertonic saline. The intensity of the induced pain was lower when standing on the soft surface. Amplitude, angular distance and CoP displacement showed a tendency to be greater after injection of the hypertonic saline. It was found that the experimentally induced pain influenced postural activity, underlining central interactions between proprioceptors and nociceptors. The results highlighted a higher feeling of comfort when standing on the soft surface. In addition, postural activity was lower when standing on the soft surface, but the activity was sufficient to prevent swelling of the lower legs.
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PMID:Subjective, physiological and biomechanical responses to prolonged manual work performed standing on hard and soft surfaces. 945 14

Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality in patients with chronic renal failure. The reasons for anemia in chronic renal failure are many and include erythropoietin and iron deficiencies, inflammation, infection, aluminum toxicity, and hyperparathyroidism. Iron deficiency alone affects more than 50% of patients on dialysis, and the estimated iron loss for these patients is 1.5 to 3 grams per year. The use of erythropoietin has also uncovered iron deficiency in a multitude of patients. Iron and erythropoietin supplementation has often restored normal or near-normal levels of hematocrit in these patients and has therefore improved some of the symptoms classically connected with chronic renal failure, such as fatigue, cold intolerance, and mental sluggishness, among others. Resistance to erythropoietin is frequently observed in the maintenance care for dialysis patients, and the most common reason is iron deficiency. It is important to understand the physiology of renal anemia, erythropoiesis and iron metabolism in order to avoid mistakes and misconceptions in the management of iron in chronic dialysis patients. In this article, we review several mistakes, misconceptions, practices, and guidelines in iron supplementation therapy. We also review the physiology of anemia in renal disease and the importance of erythropoietin and iron in causing anemia and discuss recent Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (DOQI) guidelines on the topic.
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PMID:The use of iron in patients on chronic dialysis: mistake and misconceptions. 956 79

There is a high prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in both nondialyzed patients with advanced chronic renal failure and in those individuals with end-stage renal disease who are receiving maintenance hemodialysis or chronic peritoneal dialysis therapy. Approximately one-third of maintenance dialysis patients have mild to moderate protein-energy malnutrition, and about 6 to 8 percent of these individuals have severe malnutrition. These statistics are of major concern because markers of protein-energy malnutrition are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality. The causes of protein-energy malnutrition in patients with chronic renal failure include: (1) decreased energy or protein intake; (2) concurrent chronic illnesses, and superimposed acute illnesses and possibly increased inflammatory cytokines; (3) the catabolic stimulus of hemodialysis; (4) losses of nutrients into dialysate, particularly amino acids, peptides, protein (with peritoneal dialysis), glucose (when hemodialysis is performed with glucose-free dialysate) and water-soluble vitamins; and (5) diagnostic or therapeutic (e.g., prednisone therapy) procedures that reduce nutrient intake or engender net protein breakdown. Other theoretically possible causes for protein-energy malnutrition include (6) chronic blood loss; (7) endocrine disorders (especially resistance to insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I, hyperglucagonemia, hyperparathyroidism and deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol); (8) products of metabolism that accumulate in renal failure and may induce wasting, such as organic and inorganic acids; (9) loss of the metabolic actions of the kidney; and (10) the accumulation of toxic compounds that are taken up from the environment (e.g., aluminum).
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PMID:Pathophysiology of protein-energy wasting in chronic renal failure. 991 8

We have determined the relative stability of stoichiometric, oxygen-rich, and aluminum-rich Al/Al 2O (3) and Ag/Al 2O (3) interfaces from first principles. Stable structures vary significantly with oxygen chemical potentials. Computed works of adhesion agree reasonably well with sessile drop experimental values, including correlation with measured oxygen chemisorption effects on Ag. The ordering of predicted bond energies of the interfaces, ceramics, and metals seems consistent with monotonic and fatigue fracture experiments.
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PMID:Nonstoichiometric interfaces and Al2O3 adhesion with Al and Ag. 1101 7

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of four different types of anterior 3-unit bridges after thermo-mechanical fatigue in a dual-axis chewing simulator. Sixty-four human maxillary incisors were prepared and 32 bridges fabricated. The four groups of eight bridges each were - (GC): AGC(R) galvano-ceramic bridges (CA): Celay(R) In-Ceram(R) Alumina bridges (E2): heat-pressed lithium disilicate glass-ceramic bridges and (CM) ceramo-metal (control). Fracture loads were recorded after a dual-axis chewing simulator and in a universal testing machine. The survival rate after 5 years for the CM and the GC groups was 100%, for the E2 group 75% and for the CA group 37.5% (Kaplan-Mayer analysis). The mean fracture strengths (N) were 681.52 +/- 151.90 (CM); 397.71 +/- 59.02 (GC); 292.92 +/- 46.45 (E2) and 239.95 +/- 33.39 (CA), respectively. The log-rank test showed a significant difference between the CA and the GC or the CA and the CM groups. No significant differences between the E2 and the CA or the E2 and the GC groups were found. The study indicates that heat-pressed lithium disilicate glass-ceramic and AGC(R) galvano-ceramic bridges are alternatives to ceramo-metal 3-unit anterior bridges.
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PMID:Fracture strength of four different types of anterior 3-unit bridges after thermo-mechanical fatigue in the dual-axis chewing simulator. 1135 May 90

Chronic fatigue syndrome is defined by the Atlanta Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, GA, USA) as debilitating fatigue lasting for longer than 6 months. Symptoms include disturbances of cognition. Certain factors have in the past been shown to influence cognition, including metals such as aluminum, iron, and zinc; and steroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone. In the present study, concentrations of these factors were determined in the serum and plasma of patients and their age- and gender-matched healthy controls (10 women and 5 men in each group). In addition, copper, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, cortisol, cholesterol, hemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin concentrations, as well as transferrin genetic subtypes were determined in both groups. The results indicate that patients had significantly increased serum aluminum and decreased iron compared to controls. In the females, serum iron and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were significantly decreased and correlated. Total cholesterol was significantly increased, and significantly negatively correlated with dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. There were no differences in zinc, copper, cortisol, hemoglobin, transferrin and ferritin concentrations, or in transferrin genetic subtypes.
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PMID:Serum concentrations of some metals and steroids in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome with reference to neurological and cognitive abnormalities. 1147 Mar 34

Massive cortical bone allografts have been found to incorporate slowly into host bone. They are subject to complications such as nonunion, fatigue fracture and infection. In an attempt to improve osteoinduction in cortical bone allografts, laser perforated and partially demineralized cortical bone allografts were orthotopically transplanted into the sheep tibia. In this model, mid-shaft tibial bone allografts from out-bred sheep donor animals were prepared by partial demineralization and drilling of 0.33-mm diameter holes with a pulsed, 2.94-microm wavelength Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser. Recipient animals of the same out-bred strain were divided into three groups of eight according to the type of cortical allograft used: group 1, fresh-frozen, no treatment; group 2, laser hole grid; and group 3, laser hole grid and partial demineralization. Plain films were taken in two standard views at monthly intervals. Incorporation was evaluated at nine months postoperatively. Longitudinal radiographic data was correlated to a histologic and morphometric evaluation of each bone graft. Computer tomography was used for the latter analysis. Results showed that untreated allografts, although surrounded by a periosteal bone cuff, were poorly incorporated. Partial demineralization lead to excessive resorption of allografts, but little new bone formation. Laser perforation and partial demineralization induced complete incorporation of allografts into the host bone. Based on the results of the radiographic, histologic and morphometric evaluation, the development of laser-perforated and partially demineralized bone allografts was proposed for clinical use.
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PMID:Incorporation of perforated and demineralized cortical bone allografts. Part I: radiographic and histologic evaluation. 1156 3

The well-known thermo-elastic effect of laser irradiation can be exploited to produce strong localized stresses when an expanded, long pulse, low-intensity laser beam is used to irradiate the specimen. These stresses will produce a parametric modulation of the received ultrasonic signals, that is somewhat similar to the acousto-elastic effect often used in nonlinear ultrasonic studies. It is shown in this paper that otherwise hidden small cracks in fatigue-damaged aluminum and titanium specimens can be readily detected by exploiting this optically induced thermo-elastic modulation during ultrasonic surface wave inspection since they are susceptible to crack closure and therefore exhibit strong parametric modulation. The temporal and spatial variations of the ultrasonic signals due to laser irradiation were evaluated numerically and experimentally. Based on these results, the direct temperature modulation of the ultrasonic velocity can be separated from the thermo-elastic stress modulation present only in cracked specimens. It was found that this method can be used to selectively increase the sensitivity of ultrasonic flaw detection to small fatigue cracks by more than one order of magnitude.
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PMID:Thermo-optical modulation of ultrasonic surface waves for NDE. 1216 27

Dr. R.K. Gherardi presented two papers at the symposium, detailing his researches into a proposed new clinical entity which he has entitled Macrophagic Myofasciitis (MMF). In his first paper he described the histopathologic and immunologic characteristics of the condition, and in the second, the clinical and serologic features. Dr. Gherardi believes that MMF, a syndrome of ascending myalgias, fatigue and diffuse musculoskeletal pain, may be related to a chronic immune response to aluminum granulomas persisting at the sites of prior immunization with aluminum adjuvated vaccines.
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PMID:Macrophagic myofasciitis: a summary of Dr. Gherardi's presentations. 1218 66

Macrophagic myofasciitis is a condition first reported in 1998, which cause remained obscure until 2001. Over 200 definite cases have been identified in France, and isolated cases have been recorded in other countries. The condition manifests by diffuse myalgias and chronic fatigue, forming a syndrome that meets both Center for Disease Control and Oxford criteria for the so-called chronic fatigue syndrome in about half of patients. One third of patients develop an autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis. Even in the absence of overt autoimmune disease they commonly show subtle signs of chronic immune stimulation, and most of them are of the HLADRB1*01 group, a phenotype at risk to develop polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis. Macrophagic myofasciitis is characterized by a stereotyped and immunologically active lesion at deltoid muscle biopsy. Electron microscopy, microanalytical studies, experimental procedures, and an epidemiological study recently demonstrated that the lesion is due to persistence for years at site of injection of an aluminum adjuvant used in vaccines against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, and tetanus toxoid. Aluminum hydroxide is known to potently stimulate the immune system and to shift immune responses towards a Th-2 profile. It is plausible that persistent systemic immune activation that fails to switch off represents the pathophysiologic basis of chronic fatigue syndrome associated with macrophagic myofasciitis, similarly to what happens in patients with post-infectious chronic fatigue and possibly idiopathic chronic fatigue syndrome. Therefore, the WHO recommended an epidemiological survey, currently conducted by the French agency AFSSAPS, aimed at substantiating the possible link between the focal macrophagic myofasciitis lesion (or previous immunization with aluminium-containing vaccines) and systemic symptoms. Interestingly, special emphasis has been put on Th-2 biased immune responses as a possible explanation of chronic fatigue and associated manifestations known as the Gulf war syndrome. Results concerning macrophagic myofasciitis may well open new avenues for etiologic investigation of this syndrome. Indeed, both type and structure of symptoms are strikingly similar in Gulf war veterans and patients with macrophagic myofasciitis. Multiple vaccinations performed over a short period of time in the Persian gulf area have been recognized as the main risk factor for Gulf War syndrome. Moreover, the war vaccine against anthrax, which is administered in a 6-shot regimen and seems to be crucially involved, is adjuvanted by aluminium hydroxide and, possibly, squalene, another Th-2 adjuvant. If safety concerns about long-term effects of aluminium hydroxide are confirmed it will become mandatory to propose novel and alternative vaccine adjuvants to rescue vaccine-based strategies and the enormous benefit for public health they provide worldwide.
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PMID:[Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome]. 1266 May 67


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