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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven experiments examined recognition memory for sequentially presented odors. Following Reed (2000), participants were presented with a sequence of odors and then required to identify an odor from the sequence in a test probe comprising 2 odors. The pattern of results obtained by Reed (2000, although statistically marginal) demonstrated enhanced recognition for odors presented at the start (primacy) and end (recency) of the sequence: a result that we failed to replicate in any of the experiments reported here. Experiments 1 and 3 were designed to replicate Reed (2000), employing five-item and seven-item sequences, respectively, and each demonstrated significant recency, with evidence of primacy in Experiment 3 only. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, with reduced interstimulus intervals, and produced a null effect of serial position. The ease with which the odors could be verbally labeled was manipulated in Experiments 4 and 5. Nameable odors produced a null effect of serial position (Experiment 4), and hard-to-name odors produced a pronounced recency effect (Experiment 5); nevertheless, overall rates of recognition were remarkably similar for the two experiments at around 70%. Articulatory suppression reduced recognition accuracy (Experiment 6), but recency was again present in the absence of primacy. Odor recognition performance was immune to the effects of an interleaved odor (Experiment 7), and, again, both primacy and recency effects were absent. There was no evidence of olfactory fatigue: Recognition accuracy improved across trials (Experiment 1). It is argued that the results of the experiments reported here are generally consistent with that body of work employing hard-to-name visual stimuli, where recency is obtained in the absence of primacy when the retention interval is short.
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PMID:Serial position effects in recognition memory for odors: a reexamination. 1653 61

Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) is an uncommon neuroectodermal tumor. Its biological activity ranges from indolent growth to local recurrence and rapid widespread metastasis. Treatment options consist of surgical resection followed by radiation therapy for primary lesions and the addition of chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent, or metastatic lesions. Patients often present with nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, recurrent epistaxis, hyposmia, or anosmia. However, we report the highly unusual case of a patient with an esthesioneuroblastoma who presented with atypical symptoms of headaches, sinus congestion, and fatigue before acutely losing consciousness. Imaging showed a large frontal skull-based tumor associated with intratumoral hemorrhage. The findings prompted an emergent combined anterior craniofacial resection with gross total resection of the tumor. Except for anosmia, the patient recovered almost completely. Postoperatively, she received adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy and chemotherapy. This is the first reported case of an esthesioneuroblastoma presenting with hemorrhage and rapidly declining mental status, an acute neurological manifestation of which clinicians should be aware.
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PMID:Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) with hemorrhage: an unusual presentation. 1726 90

fickle is a P-element mutation identified from a screen for defects in courtship behavior and disrupts the fly homolog of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene (Baba et al., 1999). Here, we show that habituation of the olfactory jump reflex also is defective in fickle. Unlike, the prototypical memory mutants, rutabaga and dunce, which habituate more slowly than normal, fickle flies habituate faster than normal. fickle's faster-than-normal response decrement did not appear to be due to sensorimotor fatigue, and dishabituation of the jump response was normal. Based on a long-standing "two opponent process" theory of habituation, these data suggested that behavioral sensitization might be defective in fickle. To test this hypothesis, we designed a olfactory sensitization procedure, using the same stimuli to habituate (odor) and dishabituate (vortexing) flies. Mutant flies failed to show any sensitization with this procedure. Our study reveals a "genetic dissection" of sensitization and dishabituation and, for the first time, provides a biological confirmation of the two opponent process theory of habituation.
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PMID:The fickle mutation of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase effects sensitization but not dishabituation in Drosophila melanogaster. 1746 98

Smell (olfactory) and taste (gustatory) are key senses in the regulation of nourishment and individual safety. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions have been infrequently reported together in patients following stroke (Landis et al., 2006; Leopold et al., 2006). This case report details two patients who experienced smell and taste dysfunction following minor stroke events. Symptoms reported included hyposmia (diminished sense of smell) and anosmia (complete loss of smell), and dysgeusia (distorted taste). Patients' sense of smell and taste were assessed in an ambulatory care stroke prevention clinic eight months following their strokes. Patient A presented with minor stroke due to a lesion in the anterior circulation, patient B with a lesion in the posterior circulation. Both patients reported intense olfactory and gustatory dysfunction immediately following their strokes. Examination revealed a general inability to detect subtle odours and the ability to identify only 'sweet' tastes for both patients. In addition, both patients reported heavily salting or sweetening their food to mask the distorted and unpleasant taste, which also impacted comorbid conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. Patients and their spouses reported a decrease in their appreciation of family-related activities due to the patients' olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Patients reported weight loss, lack of energy and strength, likely due to poor nutrition. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are potentially deleterious outcomes following minor stroke and should be assessed by health care professionals prior to patient discharge. Assistance may be required to promote the health and well-being of patients and their carers if smell and taste are impacted by the stroke event.
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PMID:Smell and taste dysfunction following minor stroke: a case report. 1864 78

Parkinson's disease (PD) is most frequently associated with characteristic motor symptoms that are known to arise with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. However, patients with this disease also experience a multitude of non-motor symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, apathy, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment, dementia, olfactory dysfunction, pain, sweating and constipation, some of which can be at least as debilitating as the movement disorders and have a major impact on patients' quality of life. Many of these non-motor symptoms may be evident prior to the onset of motor dysfunction. The neuropathology of PD has shown that complex, interconnected neuronal systems, regulated by a number of different neurotransmitters in addition to dopamine, are involved in the aetiology of motor and non-motor symptoms. This review focuses on the non-dopaminergic neurotransmission systems associated with PD with particular reference to the effect that their modulation and interaction with dopamine has on the non-motor symptoms of the disease. PD treatments that focus on the dopaminergic system alone are unable to alleviate both motor and non-motor symptoms, particularly those that develop at early stages of the disease. The development of agents that interact with several of the affected neurotransmission systems could prove invaluable for the treatment of this disease.
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PMID:Neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease: beyond dopamine. 2005 Aug 85

Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs with an annual incidence of 13/100.000, is slightly more frequent in men and is characterized by the motor symptoms tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. In addition, non-motor symptoms have been increasingly connected to the disease although already described in James Parkinson's 'Essay on the shaking palsy' from 1817. The motor symptoms in PD are related to the degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra (SN). These symptoms respond well to dopaminergic substitution. It is much more unclear whether non-motor symptoms like dysautonomia, insomnia, day-time sleepiness, fatigue, pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms respond to levodopa. Autonomic symptoms include dizziness because of orthostatic hypotension, constipation, nausea, voiding symptoms and increased sweating. Such symptoms as well as sensory symptoms like hyposmia and pain are very frequently reported in PD and seem to occur early in the disease process. Braak proposed a sequential model of neuropathology in PD starting with affection of the olfactory bulb and the autonomic innervation of the heart and gut. Affection of SN is seen from Braak stage 3, and limbic and cortical structures are affected in the later stages of the disease. Currently, the evidence for sensory and autonomic involvement in PD is reviewed with special focus on the early phase of the disease.
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PMID:Are dysautonomic and sensory symptoms present in early Parkinson's disease? 2058 40

Response to sensory stimulation was studied in 162 neurons in the pulvinar of Cebus monkeys in 4 acute and 5 chronic preparations. Two basic response patterns were observed: type I responses, similar to those obtained in primary relay centers, were only observed after visual stimulation. Type II responses were obtained after stimulation of more than one sensory modality. Characteristically these responses presented fatigue and habituation. Temporal relationship between stimulus and response was not as clear as in type I responses, afterdischarge frequently occurred. Taking these response types into consideration two groups of units were identified in the pulvinar. Units of group A (91 neurons) showed type I response to visual stimulation. For these units receptive fields similar to those found in other regions of visual projection could be defined. As a rule units of group A displayed type II responses to other sensory modalities. Units of group B (71) did not display type I responses; they always responded to visual, somatic, auditory and olfactory stimuli with type II responses. They could be activated by a single sensory modality (B, unimodal) or by more than one sensory modality (B, multimodal).
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PMID:Single unit response types in the pulvinar of the Cebus monkey to multisensory stimulation. 2134 53

The olfactory (OF) and gustatory function in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and possible influencing variables of the disease, such as depression or fatigue, were determined. In an open prospective controlled clinical study 30 patients with MS and 30 healthy controls matched for age, sex and smoking-habits were investigated. With Mini Mental State Examination cognitive dysfunction was excluded, with Expanded Disability Status Scale the patient's ability to accomplish the tests was ensured. The severity of depression was measured with the self-reported Beck Depression Inventory. The orthonasal olfactory function was derived with olfactory event related potentials (OERP) and TDI-score (Threshold, Discrimination and Identification, Sniffin' Sticks). Retronasal olfactory function was tested with Taste-Powder-score, gustatory function with Taste-strip-score. There was a significant loss of olfactory function measured with TDI-score [12/30 (40%), p = 0.002] and gustatory function [5/23 (21.7%), p < 0.001] in MS-patients, 23.8% (5/21) of MS-patients showed hyposmia with OERPs, significantly correlating with the TDI-score (p = 0.03). The Expanded Disability Status scale score inversely correlated with the TDI-score (p = 0.002). This study confirms the incidence of olfactory disorder in MS-patients and reveals a frequent gustatory deficit. The Identification subtest can be proposed as a marker of the OF in MS-patients: it includes complex cognitive tasks and may be influenced by depression and fatigue, which are common symptoms of MS. It inversely correlates with the disability status.
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PMID:Psychophysiological and electrophysiological testing of olfactory and gustatory function in patients with multiple sclerosis. 2205 52

It is now recognized that the neuropathology of early Parkinson's disease (PD) is not limited to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, but also involves various brainstem nuclei, the hypothalamus, the olfactory system, and the peripheral autonomic nervous system. Given the disseminated neuropathology of early PD, the earliest clinical signs include a myriad of non-motor manifestations including sleep-wake cycle regulation, cognition, mood and motivation, olfactory and gustatory functions, autonomic functions, and sensory and pain processing. Despite this realization, there is clearly a paucity of trials that have systematically evaluated the treatment of non-motor symptoms of PD in the early stages. For example, only one large-scale, placebo-controlled randomized trial has been conducted on the treatment of depression in PD patients. There are no reports of randomized controlled trials of therapeutic agents looking at the frequently reported anxiety and fatigue in early PD patients. Based on this lack of evidence, therapy for early non-motor manifestations is often ignored and the focus remains on dopamine replacement strategies with main outcomes being restricted to motor measurements, such as the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. This article presents the case for prioritizing well-designed, controlled clinical trials of therapeutic interventions focusing on non-motor symptoms in early PD patients.
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PMID:Therapeutic strategies for nonmotor symptoms in early Parkinson's disease: the case for a higher priority and stronger evidence. 2216 5

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a complex disorder initiated by chemical exposure, particularly through the airways. MCS patients report sensitivity or intolerance to low levels of a wide spectrum of chemicals. Symptoms could include asthma-like signs, rhinitis, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, psycho-physiological alteration, and other specific tissue reactions resembling hypoxic and oxidative stress effects. To recognize physiological signs that would allow the diagnosis of MCS in a non-invasive way we investigated the potential application of a new sensor system. In healthy volunteers, we measured exhaled breath content in the control condition and under exposure to olfactory stressors that mimic hypoxic or pollutant stressors playing a potential role in the generation of the MCS disorder. The recording system used is based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor having a sensing range of 450-2,000 ppm CO(2) equivalents, which is able to detect a broad range of compounds playing a potential role in the generation of the MCS disorder, while correlating directly with the CO(2) levels. The results indicate that the recording system employed was suitable for the analysis of exhaled breath content in humans. Interestingly, the system was able to detect and discriminate between the exhaled breath content taken from the control condition and those from conditions under stress that mimicked exposures to pollutant or hypoxia. The results suggest that chronic hypoxia could be involved in the MCS disorder.
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PMID:Non-invasive assessment of exhaled breath pattern in patients with multiple chemical sensibility disorder. 2283 34


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