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 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three patients were evaluated for effects of formaldehyde on central nervous system function. Three patients had used formalin, formaldehyde with or without phenol, to fix whole animals for 14-30 y, and a fourth patient was covered several times by formaldehyde and phenol rainout from manufacturing spills. All were disabled, and two had developed seizures. They had elevated mood state scores (82 to 162) and elevated symptom frequency scores (111 to 138), compared with referent subjects. There was excessive fatigue, somnolence, headache, difficulty remembering, irritability, and instability of mood. Compared with referents, choice reaction time was prolonged in four of four (4/4) subjects, blink latency was delayed in 2/2, balance was abnormal in 3/4, and visual fields were constricted in 2/3. Cognitive functions, measured by Culture Fair, block design, and digit symbol tests, were impaired in all. Delayed verbal recall and visual reproduction were impaired in 3/4. Perceptual motor speed on slotted pegboard and trail making A and B tests was reduced in 4/4. Errors on fingertip number writing were abnormal in all. Long-term memory was decreased in only one. Extensive use of formaldehyde at work or repeated airborne exposure to formaldehyde and phenol appears to have impaired central nervous system function.
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PMID:Neurobehavioral impairment and seizures from formaldehyde. 811 45

Delrin acetal resin, a product of DuPont, is formed from the polymerization of formaldehyde. The tightly interlocked helical molecules and high crystallinity result in excellent mechanical properties. Its superiority in tensile strength, stiffness, creep resistance, and fatigue classify it as an "engineering resin', a term used for plastics which can compete with metals in many applications. One of the important characteristics separating Delrin from other engineering plastics such as polyamides (nylons) is its very low water absorption and the small effect of aqueous solutions on its properties. The structure of Delrin is reviewed on several levels: chemical, crystallographic, lamellar, and spherulitic. The relationship of the structure to the properties of moldings of Delrin is discussed.
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PMID:Delrin material characteristics. 890 19

Developmental changes of muscle fibre composition in the various heads of the elbow, knee, and ankle extensors have been studied in three genera of cercopithecid monkeys. In order to circumvent the technical hindrances of usual histoenzymological procedures (fresh muscles need to be frozen at once at -80 degrees C), immunofluorescence methods were used and technical adjustments were successfully carried out to make the study of formaldehyde-preserved muscles possible. Clear responses to antibodies against adult fast myosin in newborn macaques demonstrated that, at birth, adult myosins have already replaced the fetal isoforms, thus providing a reliable marker for the study of postnatal evolution of the muscle fibre composition. For each one of the three joints, from birth to adulthood, the percentage of slow, fatigue-resistant fibres increases only in that head of the extensor muscle groups which is specialized in maintaining posture by counteracting gravity (the 'postural' head). Hence, the question is raised of the relationships between such cytological evolution, developmental changes in postural behaviour, and body weight increase.
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PMID:Developmental changes in the fibre composition of elbow, knee, and ankle extensor muscles in cercopithecid monkeys. 895 50

Patients reporting sensitivity to multiple chemicals at levels usually tolerated by the healthy population were administered standardized questionnaires to evaluate their symptoms and the exposures that aggravated these symptoms. Many patients were referred for medical tests. It is thought that patients with chemical sensitivity have organ abnormalities involving the liver, nervous system (brain, including limbic, peripheral, autonomic), immune system, and porphyrin metabolism, probably reflecting chemical injury to these systems. Laboratory results are not consistent with a psychologic origin of chemical sensitivity. Substantial overlap between chemical sensitivity, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome exists: the latter two conditions often involve chemical sensitivity and may even be the same disorder. Other disorders commonly seen in chemical sensitivity patients include headache (often migraine), chronic fatigue, musculoskeletal aching, chronic respiratory inflammation (rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, asthma), attention deficit, and hyperactivity (affected younger children). Less common disorders include tremor, seizures, and mitral valve prolapse. Patients with these overlapping disorders should be evaluated for chemical sensitivity and excluded from control groups in future research. Agents whose exposures are associated with symptoms and suspected of causing onset of chemical sensitivity with chronic illness include gasoline, kerosene, natural gas, pesticides (especially chlordane and chlorpyrifos), solvents, new carpet and other renovation materials, adhesives/glues, fiberglass, carbonless copy paper, fabric softener, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, carpet shampoos (lauryl sulfate) and other cleaning agents, isocyanates, combustion products (poorly vented gas heaters, overheated batteries), and medications (dinitrochlorobenzene for warts, intranasally packed neosynephrine, prolonged antibiotics, and general anesthesia with petrochemicals). Multiple mechanisms of chemical injury that magnify response to exposures in chemically sensitive patients can include neurogenic inflammation (respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary), kindling and time-dependent sensitization (neurologic), impaired porphyrin metabolism (multiple organs), and immune activation.
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PMID:Profile of patients with chemical injury and sensitivity. 916 75

Over the past seven years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has consistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five risks to public health. One of the most dangerous indoor air pollutants is carbon monoxide (CO). CO can be lethal, but perhaps more important, many people suffer ill health from chronic, often undetected exposure to low levels of this gas, resulting in fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Another dangerous pollutant is volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which come from sources including building products, cleaning agents, and paints. One VOC, formaldehyde, can act as an irritant to the conjunctiva and upper and lower respiratory tract. Formaldehyde is also known to cause nasal cancer in test animals.
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PMID:A healthy home environment? 1037 13

Formaldehyde (FA) is an occupational and general indoor hazard often affecting the respiratory airways. One of the main causes of multiple chemical sensitivity is gaseous FA, and it has become an important social problem in developed countries. FA concentrations in anatomy dissection classrooms are thought to be higher than under usual circumstances. The number of students developing physical symptoms during the anatomy dissection course in our university has been increasing over recent years. We planned to clarify the causes of such symptoms. Ninety-five medical students were interviewed using a questionnaire about allergic histories, physical symptoms developed during the anatomy dissection course, and symptoms related to chemical sensitivity up to three months after the course had finished. We measured total IgE, specific IgE to FA and specific IgE to house dust mites. Eighty-three percent of students had experienced symptoms, such as burning eyes, nasal discharge, sore throat, general fatigue or skin irritation during the course. Fifty percent of students had a past history of atopic disease. Fifty-eight percent of students tested positive to specific IgE to house dust mites; however, only one student, who did not complain of any symptoms during the course, tested positive to FA-IgE. Students with atopic factors (present histories of atopic diseases and higher total IgE) and/or chemical sensitivity demonstrated worse physical symptoms during the anatomy dissection course than students without such histories. In conclusion, it is suggested that gaseous FA exposure may exacerbate basic allergic symptoms, and moreover that people with chemical sensitivity demonstrated worse symptoms following gaseous FA exposure. Nevertheless, in our study we find no relationship between FA-IgE and the physical symptoms of gaseous FA exposure during or following an anatomy dissection course.
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PMID:[Relationship between atopic factors and physical symptoms induced by gaseous formaldehyde exposure during an anatomy dissection course]. 1124 81

Chemical intolerance is a phenomenon observed in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) syndrome, an ill-defined disorder in humans attributed to exposure to volatile organic compounds. Amplification of symptoms in individuals with MCS resembles the phenomenon of psychostimulant- and stress-induced sensitization in rodents. We have recently tested in rats the hypothesis that repeated chemical exposure produces sensitization of central nervous system (CNS) circuitry. A rat model of MCS in our laboratory has employed several endpoints of CNS function after repeated formaldehyde (Form) exposure (1 h/day x 5 days/week x 4 weeks). Repeated Form exposure produced behavioral sensitization to later cocaine injection, suggesting altered dopaminergic sensitivity in mesolimbic pathways. Rats given repeated Form also demonstrated increased fear conditioning to odor paired with footshock, implicating amplification of neural circuitry guiding fear responding to a conditioned odor cue. Recent studies examining the effects of repeated Form on locomotor activity during each daily exposure showed a decrease in rearing activity after 12-15 days of Form exposure compared to air-exposed controls. EEG recordings taken 1 week after withdrawal from daily Form revealed altered sleep architecture. Some of the differences in sleep disappeared after subsequent brief (15 min) challenge with Form the next day. Overall, the findings indicate that repeated low-level chemical exposure produces behavioral changes that may be akin to those observed in individuals with MCS, such as greater sensitivity to chemicals manifest as increased anxiety upon chemical exposure and altered sleep and/or fatigue. Study of the underlying CNS changes will provide a basis for mechanistically based animal models for MCS.
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PMID:Repeated formaldehyde effects in an animal model for multiple chemical sensitivity. 1200 36

Many anecdotal cases and some clinical studies have demonstrated that formaldehyde exposure can cause multiple health-related problems and cerebral dysfunction. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has documented multiple hazards related to formaldehyde exposure. Some of this research has suggested that low levels of exposure can be very hazardous to one's health and can potentially result in heightened chemical sensitivities, seizures, and cognitive decline. Some research suggests that exposure results in long-term immunological changes, cell neurofilament protein changes, and demyelination. Symptomatically, exposure has been associated with respiratory problems, excessive fatigue, headaches, mood changes, and impaired attention, concentration, and memory functioning. This article outlines the case of a biology teacher whose chronic formaldehyde exposure resulted in heightened sensitivity to formaldehyde, three tonic-clonic seizures, and dramatic amnesia as well as other cognitive dysfunction.
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PMID:A case of claimed persistent neuropsychological sequelae of chronic formaldehyde exposure: clinical, psychometric, and functional findings. 1459 Jan 91

Previous investigators have reported the occurrence of both allergic and non-allergic systemic complications due to exposure to formaldehyde gas. However, little is known about the pathogenic link between formaldehyde-induced clinical symptoms and patch test results, or about the long-term effects of formaldehyde exposure. In the present study, a questionnaire was administered to 143 medical students, and 60 of them were tested by patch test for formaldehyde at the beginning and end of a human anatomy laboratory course. Another group of 76 students who had finished the course 2-4 years previously were administered another questionnaire, and the patch test was carried out on 58 of them. The frequencies of skin irritation, eye soreness, lacrimation, eye fatigue, rhinorrhea, throat irritation, general fatigue and mood swings increased after repeated exposure. Two (3.3%) of 60 students became positive to 1% formaldehyde at the end of the anatomy course (one male with allergic hand dermatitis due to direct contact with formaldehyde, and one female with an atopic background with unbearable physical symptoms) while the remaining 58 showed a negative reaction throughout the study period. The vast majority of students complained of various non-allergic, physical symptoms, and recovered from such symptoms without subsequent complications. No progression to multiple chemical sensitivity was found. Students with an episode of atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis were susceptible to formaldehyde exposure, and developed mucocutaneous symptoms, probably due to the impaired barrier function and remodeling of the skin and mucosa.
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PMID:Prospective study of clinical symptoms and skin test reactions in medical students exposed to formaldehyde gas. 1740 35

To study formaldehyde concentrations in the breathing zone and symptoms induced by gaseous formaldehyde exposure of medical students and instructors during gross anatomy laboratory at faculty of Medicine, Thammasat university. Formaldehyde concentrations in the indoor air and breathing zone of medical students were measured during the cadaver dissection. Formaldehyde concentrations in the indoor air and in the breathing zone were ranged from 0.401 to 0.581 ppm (mean 0.491 +/- 0.090) and from 0.472 to 0.848 ppm (mean 0.660 +/- 0.188) respectively. The mean of formaldehyde concentrations in the breathing zone of medical students and instructors was significantly higher than the mean of formaldehyde concentration in indoor air (p < 0.05). The most symptoms were general fatigue (82.7-87.8%), burning eyes (66.2-85.0%) and burning nose (62.5-81.1%). There was no statistically significant difference in burning eye symptom between contact lenses users and no contact lenses users (p > 0.05). Even though formaldehyde concentrations were relatively low, medical students, instructors and cadaver related workers should wear personal protective devices to reduce the effect of gaseous formaldehyde exposure during gross anatomy laboratory or contact cadaver.
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PMID:Formaldehyde exposure of medical students and instructors and clinical symptoms during gross anatomy laboratory in Thammasat University. 2129 2


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