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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purposes of this study were: (1) to test the usefulness of intensive design in detecting the effects of an established antianxiety agent in a single patient studied for a period as brief as 8 weeks and (2) to explore the usefulness of combining intensive and extensive designs by jointly analyzing the results from several similarly treated patients. Fifteen primarily anxious, psychoneurotic patients aged 21-50 and scoring 17 or more on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale were admitted to the study; and 11 completed the full treatment program. Medications were diazepam 5 mg t.i.d. and a matching placebo, administered under double-blind conditions. Patients were treated for 8 weeks, divided into 42-week blocks. In each block, the patient received diazepam 1 week and placebo the other, with the order in each block determined at random. The patient came weekly for evaluation, including, self-ratings on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL), global status, global change; reports of occupational and social function; resting pulse; reaction time; psychiatrist's ratings on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, global status and global change. The patient also reported daily his mood on the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Mean deviations from the general trend for post-diazepam and postplacebo scores on each criterion were compared within patients. Diazepam-placebo differences on each criterion were analyzed between patients. Criteria that clearly recorded the anti-anxiety effect of diazepam as compared to placebo included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the psychiatrist's global status and global change ratings, the SCL Anxiety and Somatization Scales, and the POMS Anxiety Scale. Other criteria that showed a reliable diazepam effect included SCL Depression (decrease), POMS Vigor (increase), POMS Fatigue (decrease), SCL Anger (increase), and reaction time (increase). The most sensitive criteria distinguished diazepam from placebo even when results were considered only from the first 6 patients during their first 4 weeks of treatment- a total of 24 patient weeks of treatment. The factors contributing to the sensitivity of this design were investigated and discussed.
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PMID:Intensive design in evaluating anxiolytic agents. 1 97

In a controlled double-blind randomized study Thalamonal and Valium were compared in 498 esophago-gastro-duodenoscopies. Both drugs were injected intravenously immediately before the procedure. Satisfactory sedation which made additional injection of the drug during the endoscopy superfluous could be achieved in 66% of the patients with Thalamonal and in 52% with Valium respectively. The difference between the two preparations is statistically significant (p less than 0,005). In 95 patients catamnestic studies were performed in order to evaluate second episodes of fatigue after the endoscopy. A good effect of the preparation during endoscopy and a lack of second attacks of sedation following discharge was observed only in 23% of the patients after Thalamonal and in 21% of the patients after Valium injection, respectively. Therfore a good premedication was achieved in only one fifth of the patients receiving one of the two drugs.
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PMID:[Premedication of esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy with a neuroleptanalgesic drug and a tranquillizer--a controlled clinical study (author's transl)]. 48 Oct 57

A principal components analysis was performed on 200 male heroin addicts' self-ratings on the Profile of Mood States which was given before admission to a methadone maintenance program. Four components were identified as underlying the men's affect-Confused-depression, Vigor-friendliness, Anger-hostility, and possibly Fatigue-inertia; these mood dimensions corresponded to factors described for other clinical populations. A stepwise multiple regression was then performed to discover which of the addicts' background characteristics were related to the mood components. Confused-depression was positively correlated with being White, using marijuana, and seeking treatment without prior screening by a social agency; Vigor-friendliness was positively related to having been referred from a social agency and having started using opiates at a later age; Anger-hostility was positively correlated with using other drugs, such as Valium, not being religiously active, and smoking marijuana; and Fatigue-inertia was only positively associated with having been referred from a social agency.
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PMID:Mood components of heroin addicted men: psychosocial correlates. 53 63

Cerebral blood velocity (CBV) was measured with transcranial Doppler in 6 normal right-handed male volunteers before and for 50 min after an intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/kg of diazepam and normal saline during 2 separate visits to the laboratory. Blood pressure, pulse rate, end tidal levels of carbon dioxide and mood changes were quantified before and after the injections. Diazepam injection was associated with significant increases in fatigue and sleepiness. There were no significant changes in end tidal carbon dioxide, respiration, pulse rate, and blood pressure after the injection. Postdiazepam CBV was significantly lower following diazepam compared to CBV following placebo.
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PMID:Changes in cerebral blood velocity after intravenous diazepam. 159 86

The following drugs, mostly postulated acting at a supraspinal or spinal level as diazepam, chlormezanone and orphenadrine citrate were proved for their effectiveness in lessening tension of muscles. This was assessed by electromyography recording different neurophysiological phenomenons as mono- and polysynaptic reflex responses (H-reflex and unloading reflex as a result of a suddenly muscle relaxation (= post-reflex inhibition phase/silent period) and tiredness reaction. This investigations were performed on at least 65 patients. The outcomes are: statistical significant increase of the silent period of the unloading reflex under the treatment with diazepam and orphenadrine citrate. Diazepam also extended the time between the initial electric stimulus and H-reflex phenomenon. Evaluating these results it might be obvious that diazepam is acting on supraspinal level and the spinal too, orphenadrine citrate only on the supraspinal one. Chlormezanone showed no effect according to that protocol on all mentioned neurophysiological parameters.
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PMID:[Results of electromyographic studies with central muscle relaxants--feasibility of objectivization and standardization]. 393 Feb 9

Stimulation of frog sartorius muscle at 1 Hz leads to an initial positive staircase during the first 120 twitches and is followed by a negative staircase. There is a net calcium influx into two distinct compartments within the muscle during the positive staircase. The two compartments are separated by measuring the calcium extracted from muscles soaked in strontium-Ringer for 15 min and the calcium remaining in the muscle. A net gain of extractable Ca++ (0.32 mumol/g wet wt.) and residual Ca++ (0.18 mumol/g) is observed during positive staircase. A loss in residual Ca++, a gain in extractable Ca++ and a net loss of Ca++ (0.09 mumol/g) to the bathing medium occur during the period preceding physiological muscle fatigue (60 to 120 twitches). Diazepam (EC50, 5.6 X 10(-6) M) causes a marked reduction in the latent period and increases the rate constant 2.6 times the control value for physiological muscle fatigue. A net loss of 0.31 mumol/g of Ca++ to the bathing medium occurs during the interval between 60 and 120 twitches. Diazepam increases net Ca++ efflux 3.5-fold during this interval when compared to control muscles. Diazepam does not affect the Ca++ gained during the positive staircase but accelerates the loss of calcium from the residual and the extractable compartments during the initial phase of physiological muscle fatigue. Physiological muscle fatigue is attributed to an accumulation of calcium in the transverse tubular network and an uncoupling of the muscle action potential from contraction.
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PMID:Effect of diazepam on calcium translocation during physiological muscle fatigue. 609 1

Twelve healthy male volunteers were treated (double-blind crossover design) with tofisopam (a new 3,4-benzodiazepine), diazepam, or placebo, on 2 consecutive days each. Psychomotor skills were impaired after a single dose of diazepam (10 mg) given on day 1. Measurements on day 2 showed that some tolerance had developed to the diazepam-induced impairment of reactive and coordinative skills, but not to its effects on flicker fusion or on the extraocular muscle balance. Tofisopam failed to impair performance both as a single dose (100 mg) and after repeated doses (100 + 50 + 50 + 100 mg). The subjects felt more fatigue, dizziness, calmness, and passiveness after diazepam than after tofisopam. When either drug was given together with 0.8 g/kg ethanol on day 2, the breath ethanol concentrations were 0.7--1.0 mg/ml and all psychomotor skills were impaired. Diazepam + ethanol particularly impaired memory and learning as well. After this combination the subjects were classified (time anticipation test) as 'disqualified drivers' more often than after placebo. It is concluded that diazepam, as well as either benzodiazepine with ethanol, may reduce the ability to drive vehicles or operate machinery.
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PMID:Tofisopam, a novel 3,4-benzodiazepine: multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and memory. Comparison with diazepam and interactions with ethanol. 610 45

The physical and psychophysiological effects of an orally administered single dose of 3 mg cloxazolam as compared to 5 mg diazepam and a placebo were investigated for 144 healthy male subjects using a double blind technique. In a pre-experimental test, the Ss were classified as either emotional stabiles or labiles, and in the experimental program of one four and half hour period were tested under either stress or control conditions. In order to create appropriate conditions for testing the tranquilizers, three stress situations that would induce anxiety were used: anticipation of an electric shock, preparation of a public speech and one due to failure in an achievement test. By combining these methods it was possible to sustain for 30 minutes in healthy Ss a state of anxiety or emotional activation which seemed suitable as a model for clinical anxiety. Under 5 mg diazepam rather week, but tranquilizer-typical effects were registered in both subjective and objective measures: an increase in self-confidence in emotional labiles, mood improvement, lower electrodermal responses and tranquilizer-typical EEG-pattern, but also subjective deactivating effects. The HR-increase elicited by anxiety induction was not influenced by Diazepam. Under 3 mg cloxazolam very similar effects to those under diazepam were apparent in the subjective measures; there was however, no mood improvement. Cloxazolam was judged as more strongly deactivating and fatigue inducing than diazepam. Cloxazolam was clearly different from diazepam with respect to its physiological effects, especially showing an obvious heart rate increase in the control group, which requires further investigation.
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PMID:[Psychological and physiological effects of cloxazolam and diazepam under anxiety-evoking and control conditions on healthy subjects (author's transl)]. 612 23

Oxazepam and diazepam were compared in healthy elderly volunteers. Absorption of diazepam was faster than oxazepam and onset of clinical effects were more profound. Diazepam accumulation was extensive, washout was slow and active compounds were present two weeks after the last dose. Oxazepam accumulation was significantly less and elimination significantly faster than diazepam. There was no difference between oxazepam and diazepam in sedation or fatigue during the drug treatment, but sedative effects persisted for two weeks after diazepam therapy was discontinued. Sedation rapidly returned to baseline in the oxazepam group. Thus, the differing pharmacokinetic profiles of diazepam and oxazepam have clinical consequences during multiple dosage in the elderly.
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PMID:Long v short half-life benzodiazepines in the elderly. Kinetics and clinical effects of diazepam and oxazepam. 683 Apr 8

The relationship between subjective effects and drug preferences in normal volunteers was explored in a meta-analysis of several previously published studies. Subjective effects of, and preference for, ethanol and diazepam vs. placebo were measured using a choice procedure. Subjects were grouped according to their drug choices: 'non-choosers' never chose drug, whereas 'choosers' always chose drug. The two groups were compared on their subjective responses to drug and on demographic variables. Ethanol decreased Arousal, Elation, Positive Mood and Vigor, and increased Anxiety, Depression and Fatigue in the non-choosers, whereas it increased Arousal and Vigor in the choosers. Ethanol choosers were also more likely to be males and/or full-time students than non-choosers. Diazepam produced sedative-like effects in both choosers and non-choosers, but markedly decreased Anxiety and increased Friendliness in choosers only. Diazepam choice was also associated with more frequent recreational use of marijuana and stimulants. Thus, both demographic variables and subjective drug effects were related to drug preference.
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PMID:Relationship between subjective effects and drug preferences: ethanol and diazepam. 803 63


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