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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of 28 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) and HS plus 10 daily forceful lengthening contractions on rat soleus muscle fibers were studied. Compared with age-matched controls (CON), soleus wet weights of suspended rats were significantly decreased (approximately 49%). In HS rats, the light adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) fibers (staining lightly for myosin ATPase, pH = 8.8) atrophied more than the dark ATPase fibers (staining darkly for myosin ATPase, pH = 8.8). Single-fiber alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and the proportion of dark ATPase fibers were higher in HS than CON rats. Daily forceful lengthening contractions did not prevent the suspension-induced changes. These results considered in conjunction with a collaborative study on the mechanical properties of HS rats (Roy et al., accompanying paper) suggest a shift in the contractile potential of the muscle following HS without a deficit in SDH, a metabolic property commonly associated with resistance to fatigue. The results support the view that soleus muscle fibers can change from a slow-twitch oxidative to a fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic profile, but rarely to a fast-twitch glycolytic one, and that SDH and GPD activity per volume of tissue can be maintained or increased even when there are severe losses of contractile proteins.
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PMID:Size and metabolic properties of single muscle fibers in rat soleus after hindlimb suspension. 295 34

Myofibrillar proteins in muscles of the claws and abdomen of lobster, Homarus americanus, and the claws of fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, and land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, have been analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fibers contained numerous isoforms of structural and regulatory proteins in assemblages correlated with fiber type. One fast (F) and two slow (S1 and S2) fibers were identified. All F fibers possessed two isoforms of paramyosin (P1 and P2), while all slow fibers, with the exception of Uca major claw, contained only the P2 variant. S1 and S2 fibers were distinguished by the distribution of a large isoform of troponin-T (T1; Mr = 55,000); S2 fibers in all three species contained T1 in addition to one or two smaller-molecular-weight variants usually associated with S1 fibers. In order to determine whether the slow fibers differed in histochemical properties, land crab claw closer muscle was cryosectioned and stained for myofibrillar ATPase and NADH diaphorase activities. Most S2 fibers had lower ATPase and higher NADH diaphorase activities than S1 fibers, which indicated that S2 fibers had a lower rate of contraction and were more fatigue-resistant than S1 fibers. It is proposed that the S1 and S2 fibers defined by biochemical and histochemical criteria are identical to the slow-twitch and tonic fibers, respectively characterized physiologically.
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PMID:Histochemical and biochemical characterization of two slow fiber types in decapod crustacean muscles. 296 38

Isomyosin analyses by biochemical, immunochemical, and histochemical investigations have been carried out in five sheep following unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and direct functional electrostimulation of the denervated cricoarytenoid posterior muscle. Myosin light chains were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Myosin heavy chains were analyzed by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Slow myosin heavy chain was identified by orthogonal peptide mapping and immunochemistry. The stimulation effect at cellular level was determined using adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) histochemistry. A dramatic increase of the type 1 fiber area (slow, fatigue-resistant fibers) could be seen after many weeks of an increasing regime of low-frequency direct electrical stimulation. Biochemically, the amount of slow myosin was always higher than in normal muscles. Some muscles were transformed almost completely to the slow type. At the time they were studied and with the methods employed, the expression of embryonic isomyosin was not observed. In conclusion, after numerous weeks of maintained functional activity, elicited by direct electrostimulation, the denervated muscle regionally showed areas of hypertrophy or at least lack of atrophy of slow myofibers without major signs of muscle damage.
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PMID:Isomyosin changes after functional electrostimulation of denervated sheep muscle. 297 27

The purpose of this study was to examine the Ca2+-Mg2+ myofibrillar ATPase and protein composition of cardiac and skeletal muscle following strenuous activity to voluntary exhaustion. Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were assigned to a control and exercised group, with the run group completing 25 m.min-1 and 8% grade for 1 hour. Following activity, the myocardial Ca2+-Mg2+ myofibrillar ATPase activity -pCa relationship had undergone a rightward shift in the curve. Electrophoretic analysis revealed a change in the pattern of cardiac myofibrillar protein bands, particularly in the 38-42 Kdalton region. Enzymatic analysis of myofibrillar proteins from plantaris muscle, revealed no change in Ca2+ regulation following exercise. Electronmicrographic and electrophoretic analysis revealed extensively disrupted sarcomeric structure and a change in the ratio of several plantaris myofibrillar proteins. No difference was observed for myosin: Actin: tropomyosin ratios; however a dramatic reduction in 58 and 95 Kdalton proteins were evident. The results indicate that prolonged running is associated with similar responses in cardiac and skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein compositions. The abnormalities in myofibrillar ultrastructure may implicate force transmission failure as a factor in exercised-induced muscle damage and/or fatigue.
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PMID:Influence of exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins. 297 50

1. Rat plantaris muscles were subjected to chronic overload by the surgical removal of the soleus and most of the gastrocnemius muscles. Twelve to 16 wk later whole muscle and motor unit (ventral root dissection technique) contractile properties as well as histochemistry were determined. 2. Motor units were categorized as fast, fatigable (FF), fast, intermediate fatigue-resistant (FI), fast, fatigue-resistant (FR), and slow (S) based on contractile characteristics. Muscle fibers were identified as type I and type II according to myofibrillar ATPase staining. 3. Whole muscles demonstrated increases in wet weight, tetanic force, proportion of type I fibers, and mean cross-sectional areas of both type I and II fibers, as a result of chronic overload. 4. Tetanic tension increased by the same relative magnitude in all motor units whereas twitch tension remained unchanged. A significant change in the proportions of the motor unit types occurred in overloaded muscles, such that the latter contained higher proportions of FF and S units, and lower proportions of FI and FR units, than normal muscles. 5. The fatigue profile of a composite constructed from a summation of motor unit responses revealed that the overloaded plantaris displayed fatigue resistance similar to that of the normal plantaris for a given absolute force output. 6. Glycogen-depleted fibers of hypertrophied single motor units demonstrated uniform myofibrillar ATPase and SDH staining characteristics suggesting that metabolic adaptations among fibers of the same unit were similar after 12-16 wk of overload. 7. The finding that overload caused a uniform increase in the tetanic strength of all motor units, whereas alterations in fatigue resistance varied in degree and direction among unit types, demonstrate that these two properties are not controlled in parallel in this model. The smallest units maintain or even increase their fatigue resistance during the hypertrophic process, whereas high threshold units actually decrease in fatigue resistance.
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PMID:Physiological responses of rat plantaris motor units to overload induced by surgical removal of its synergists. 297 14

The properties of whole soleus (SOL) muscles and of individual motor units were studied in cats 30-50 wk after self-reinnervation by soleus (SOL) motoneurons (SOL----SOL) or cross-reinnervation by flexor digitorum longus (FDL) motoneurons (FDL----SOL). As in the preceding paper (22), intracellular and glycogen-depletion methods were used to examine the physiological and histochemical properties of individual motor units. The results were compared with data from normal SOL motor units (8, 12). Intentionally self-reinnervated SOL muscles (SOL----SOL; n = 6) were normal in size and wet weight, and all of the five SOL----SOL motor units studied had physiological and histochemical characteristics that matched those of normal SOL units. Cross-reinnervation of SOL by FDL alpha-motoneurons (FDL----SOL; n = 7) produced muscles with wet weights and appearance essentially identical to normal SOL. However, whole-muscle twitch contraction times were much shorter (mean 60.4 ms) than those of normal (mean 136.9 ms, n = 18) or SOL----SOL muscles (mean 115.3 ms; n = 6). Despite this difference, none of the FDL----SOL muscles contained more than 7% histochemical type II muscle fibers, all of which were type IIA. Normal cat SOL muscles can contain up to 5% type IIA fibers, but none of our SOL----SOL muscles showed any type II fibers. Two FDL----SOL muscles had significant amounts of unintended self-reinnervation, permitting side-by-side comparison of FDL----SOL and SOL----SOL muscle fibers. The twitch contraction times of the two populations differed markedly, but they were histochemically indistinguishable except for the fact that SOL----SOL fibers had high neutral fat content (as do normal SOL fibers), whereas FDL----SOL showed much lower fat content. The 23 FDL----SOL muscle units studied were classified as physiological type S by criteria ("sag" test and fatigue resistance) used to identify motor-unit types in normal cat muscles. All five of the FDL----SOL units studied histochemically after glycogen depletion showed the type I histochemical profile, which is characteristic of the normal cat SOL. In marked contrast to the preceding study, cross-reinnervation of cat SOL by FDL motoneurons produced no conversion of muscle-unit properties into those associated with fast-twitch unit types, despite significant decreases in isometric twitch contraction time. The altered twitch speed was not associated with evident changes in conventional myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) histochemistry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Cross-reinnervated motor units in cat muscle. II. Soleus muscle reinnervated by flexor digitorum longus motoneurons. 299 49

Gastric mucosal damage was produced in rats after pyloric ligation by intragastric administration of 200 mg/kg aspirin diluted in 2 ml 150 mmol/l HCl. The animals in the control group received 2 ml saline solution, or submitted to pyloric ligation only. The animals were killed 4 h after the pyloric ligation, when the number and severity of gastric lesions (ulcers), and the gastric fundic mucosal level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and lactate, were noted and measured. The adenylate pool (ATP + ADP + AMP) and the energy charge (ATP + 0.5ADP). (ATP + ADP + AMP)-1 were calculated. It was found that: the gastric H+ output decreased significantly in the pylorus-ligated plus aspirin-treated animals; the number and severity of gastric lesions increased significantly in the pylorus-ligated aspirin-treated animals; the extent of ATP transformation into the ADP decreased significantly in the pylorus-ligated aspirin-treated animals; the extent of ATP transformation into the cAMP decreased significantly during the aspirin treatment; the values of adenylate pool and of "energy charge" remained unchanged in the different groups of animals. It is concluded that: the decreased H+ output in the pylorus-ligated plus aspirin-treated group can be obtained by the decreased extent of ATP transformation into the ADP by membrane ATPase, and the biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa indicate a decreased energy turnover.
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PMID:Biochemical background of the development of gastric mucosal damage in pylorus-ligated plus aspirin-treated rats. 300 88

The mechanism of muscle fatigue was studied by 31P-MRS. During tetanic contraction for 2 minutes(min), the tension measured with a strain gauge and Phosphocreatine(PCr)/Inorganic phosphate(Pi)+ Phosphomonoester(PME) ratio decreased to 31.5 +/- 4.4% of the control value and 0.6 +/- 0.1, respectively. The intracellular pH(pH) also decreased to 6.62 +/- 0.04. Toward the end of the stimulation, the tension decreased to 25.3 +/- 1.9% of the control value. However, during 20min stimulation, the PCr/(Pi+PME) ratio increased to 2.5 +/- 0.5 and the pH to 6.91 +/- 0.04. These results show that muscular fatigue is ascribable not to a decreased level of high energy metabolites required for actomyosin ATPase, but to an increase in the threshold intensity of excitation in excitation-contraction coupling.
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PMID:Observation of fatigue unrelated to gross energy reserve of skeletal muscle during tetanic contraction--an application of 31P-MRS. 319 34

The contractile properties, morphology, and the distribution of striated muscle fiber types of the external and sphincter (EAS) were determined using axial force measurements, fiber size cross-sectional area measurements, and histochemistry. Electrical stimulation of motor axons in pudendal nerve at supramaximal intensities (10 V, 0.05 ms duration) elicited twitch contractions of EAS. The time to peak force after a single pulse ranged from 37 to 42 ms. The time for relaxation to half-maximal twitch force ranged from 20 to 29 ms. Repetitive stimulation of motor axons (0.1-3.0 Hz) produced potentiation and fatigue of single twitch contractile force, suggesting that the EAS of the cat is comprised predominantly of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Confirmation of skeletal muscle fiber types was determined by histochemistry. Frozen serial cross sections of EAS were incubated to demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and myosin adenosine triphosphatase after alkaline preincubation (pH 10.4). Based on these reactions, muscle fibers were classified as fast glycolytic (FG) (high ATPase, low SDH), fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) (high ATPase, high SDH), and slow oxidative (SO) (low ATPase, high SDH). The mean percentage +/- SE of each histochemical type was the following: FG, 73.5 +/- 3.9; FOG, 22.8 +/- 3.7; and SO, 3.7 +/- 0.6. These results indicate that the predominant fiber type for the EAS is FG. The EAS of the cat is considered a nominally fast-twitch muscle.
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PMID:Physiological, morphological, and histochemical properties of cat external anal sphincter. 320 71

Digoxin could improve diaphragm contractility and fatigability if inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enhances calcium influx from extracellular sources, or it could impair contractility and worsen fatigue if it impairs maintenance of the membrane potential. We studied the effects of digoxin on isometric force production, fatigue, and recovery in isolated, directly stimulated, guinea pig and rat diaphragms. Digoxin had no effect on maximal twitch or tetanic tensions compared with control diaphragms in either rat (2 ng/ml to 20 micrograms/ml) or guinea pig (2 ng/ml to 2 micrograms/ml) hemidiaphragms. Digoxin worsened high frequency fatigue and impaired recovery from fatigue in guinea pigs (200 ng/ml to 2 micrograms/ml) but not in rat (2 micrograms/ml) hemidiaphragms. We conclude that digoxin has no effect on diaphragm contractility. Hypopolarization of the membrane potential is the likely cause for the increased fatigability. The difference in responsiveness between species is likely due to insensitivity of rat sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase to digoxin.
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PMID:The effect of digoxin on contractility and fatigue of isolated guinea pig and rat hemidiaphragms. 320 78


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