Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Confirmation of a causal relationship between hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection is provided by the case of a 22-year-old West German woman. The patient presented with fatigue, nausea, and headache. Ultrasonography revealed enlarged kidneys, and laboratory investigations showed uremia, hemolytic anemia, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin below the detection limit, and thrombocytopenia. She received hemodialysis and drug treatment (heparin, dopamine, and furosemide). To investigate the kinetics of the humoral response to verotoxin, the patient was followed for 3 months. Fecal specimens on day 23 yielded E coli serotype 0111:NM, and stool filtrates on days 16 and 23 showed highly cytotoxic activity for HeLa cells. While the patient's initial serum showed a high IgM immune response against purified Shiga toxin, there was a steady decline in IgM and steady increase in IgG antibodies over the ensuing 3 months. These findings are suggestive of a recent infection by a verotoxin-producing organism. This is the 1st reported case of VTEC-associated HUS with e coli 0111 infection in an adult, and the patient's 4-year history of oral contraceptives (OCs)--ethinyl estradiol and chlormadinoneacetate--is considered to be of etiologic significance. The diminished antibody coating of bacteria in the urinary tract of OC users may have facilitated invasion of verotoxin across the mucosal barrier in this patient. Severe hypertension has been reported previously in OC users with HUS. It is speculated that verotoxin may trigger HUS in longterm OC users, initiating vasoconstriction and microangiopathic hemolysis.
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PMID:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with an infection by verotoxin producing Escherichia coli 0111 in a woman on oral contraceptives. 328 32

Motor units from the cat tibialis posterior muscle were examined for an association between physiological and biochemical properties. Functionally isolated motor units were categorized on the basis of their physiological properties. This was followed by quantitative microbiochemical analysis of single muscle fibers from each unit, identified in cross sections using the glycogen-depletion method. The activities of malate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase distinguished between fatigable (type FF) and fatigue-resistant (types FR and S) units. The activities of both lactate dehydrogenase and adenylokinase were higher in fast- than in slow-contracting units. Cluster analyses, based on both physiological and biochemical properties or on biochemical properties alone, produced groupings identical to types FF, FR, and S. The association between physiological and biochemical properties substantiates the idea that biochemically distinct groups of motor units correspond to physiologically identifiable groups.
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PMID:Association between biochemical and physiological properties in single motor units. 335 59

Cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymatic activities were measured in normal renal cortical tissue and in hypernephroma. Significantly lower activities were always found in tumoral tissue than in normal renal tissue. Their respective values (mean +/- SD) were: LDH, 4,333 +/- 747 (normal tissue) vs. 997 +/- 748 U/l (tumor); HBDH, 2,554 +/- 466 vs. 387 +/- 290 U/l; AST, 529 +/- 109 vs. 65 +/- 37 U/l, and ALT, 205 +/- 45 vs. 9.9 +/- 5.4 U/l. The LDH/HBDH ratio was significantly greater in tumoral (2.69 +/- 0.69) than in normal tissue (1.70 +/- 0.11). These results indicate that hypernephroma exhibits a low metabolic rate when compared to normal tissue. Their enzymatic activities suggest a decreased energy metabolism, predominantly of the anaerobic type, and a reduced synthesis of nonessential amino acids in the tumor. These findings could explain in part the slow growth rate of hypernephroma.
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PMID:Cytoplasmic enzyme activities in human hypernephroma compared with normal renal cortical tissue. 337 61

Peculiar erythematosquamous lesions were observed in two adult patients in Japan with hereditary lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiency. Although these patients showed excessive fatigue and myoglobulinuria after extended exercise, they were usually asymptomatic. However, nonpruritic follicular papules or erythematous patches with scaly edges were present on the extensor surfaces of the extremities of these patients since childhood, showing some improvement after puberty. There were also erythematous patches on the weight-bearing areas of their soles. These patches showed exacerbation and a tendency toward peripheral spreading in summer. These skin lesions provide an important clue in the detection of this genetic enzyme deficiency.
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PMID:Erythematosquamous skin lesions in hereditary lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiency. 378 77

This study describes the influence of muscle fiber type composition, enzyme activities and capillary supply on muscle strength, local muscle endurance or aerobic power and capacity. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis in thirteen physically active men. Histochemical staining procedures were applied to assess the percentage of fast twitch (FT) fibers, muscle fiber area, and capillary density. Also, the activity of citrate synthase (CS), creatine kinase (CK), hexokinase (HK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and phosphofructokinase (PFK) were analysed using fluorometrical assays. Peak torque at 'low' and 'high' angular velocities was measured during leg extension. Similarly, muscle fatigue (e.g. peak torque decline) and recovery from a short-term exercise task were measured during maximal, voluntary consecutive leg extensions. Aerobic power (VO2max) and aerobic capacity (e.g. onset of blood lactate concentration; OBLA), as defined by a blood lactate concentration of 4 mol X 1(-1) were measured during cycling. Peak torque at a high angular velocity was positively correlated with % FT area (p less than 0.001). Fatigue and recovery were correlated with LDH X CS-1 (p less than 0.001). WOBLA was best correlated with PFK and PFK X CS-1 (p less than 0.001). Hence, muscle strength was partly determined by fiber type composition whereas local muscle endurance, recovery and aerobic capacity reflect mainly capillary supply and the activity of key enzymes involved in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
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PMID:The influence of muscle metabolic characteristics on physical performance. 406 7

Since the male oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) is more active in sound production than the female, we hypothesized that sonic muscles of the male are biochemically specialized to perform more work. In order to categorize the muscle biochemically and test for sexual differences, we measured the activity of two anaerobic enzymes, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (3PG) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and two aerobic enzymes, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). Males exhibited greater 3PG and GOT activity than females (p less than 0.05). Both MDH and LDH showed little activity in either sex. High 3PG and low LDH levels indicate a sustained level of glycolysis, with pyruvate shuttled into aerobic metabolism, and high GOT activity indicates a high level of aerobic metabolism. From this and other data, we conclude that toadfish sonic muscle can be classified as fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic or fast-twitch fatigue resistant. The endocrine basis for these sexual differences was examined by implanting steroid pellets into ovariectomized females. Testosterone induced a doubling of 3PG activity (p less than 0.02), and dihydrotestosterone induced an eight-fold increase (p less than 0.0005) in GOT concentration over controls. The steroids had no effect on LDH and MDH activities. Hormones, therefore, trigger one of the fundamental sexual differences underlying toadfish communication, namely a difference in metabolism, providing the male with the capacity for increased sound production.
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PMID:Sexual differences and steroid-induced changes in metabolic activity in toadfish sonic muscle. 408 85

Fatigue till exhaustion and renunciation was caused in rats through forced loaded swimming performance. Changes in watersoluble protein, in its fractions separated by means of disk electrophoresis, as well as in the fractions of lactic dehydrogenase and non-specific esterases were searched for in the different organs. Insofar water-soluble protein is concerned, a statistically reliable increase was found in the liver and heart chamber musculature, and reduction - in the skeletal muscles. Changes in the brain and kidney were not recorded. Large protein fraction ammassments were observed in all the organs which interfered with the interpretation of electrophoregrams. Nevertheless, clear-cut changes after exertion were not disclosed. The isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase did not reveal alterations in the organs investigated after physical effort. A loss of non-specific esterase fractions at electrophoretic range from 0.4 to 0.6 was established in the liver of tired animals only.
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PMID:[The effect of acute fatigue on organ proteins and protein fractions]. 480 17

Alterations in enzyme activities involved in muscle energy metabolism and the muscle fiber type distribution were investigated in six subjects, ranging in age from 19-23 years, following short-term, high intensity exercise. Changes in the vastus lateralis muscle were studied prior to exercise and approximately 24 h after each of 2 consecutive days of supramaximal cycling exercise (120% VO2 max) performed intermittently as 1-min work to 4-min rest until fatigue or until 24 repetitions had been completed. The results indicated that there were no changes (P greater than 0.05) in maximal in vitro activities for representative enzymes of beta-oxidation (3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, HAD), the citric acid cycle (succinic dehydrogenase, SDH), glucose phosphorylation (hexokinase, HK), glycogenolysis (total phosphorylase, PHOSPH), or glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, PFK; pyruvate kinase, PK; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) in spite of the large increase in carbohydrate utilization and glycolytic flux rate. In addition, although no change in fiber type distribution was found in the pre-exercise biopsy between days, an acute reduction (P less than 0.05) in type I fiber distribution occurred with exercise. It is concluded that supramaximal exercise performed on a short-term basis does not alter the enzymatic profile or the fiber type distribution when measured 24 h following the activity.
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PMID:Fiber type distribution and maximal activities of enzymes involved in energy metabolism following short-term supramaximal exercise. 609 Mar 24

The mouse liver revealed no increased incorporation of [14C]-orotic acid into either the total acid-soluble fraction, the uridine triphosphate or the RNA at 6 and 24 h after partial hepatectomy. In regenerating mouse and rat liver, the concentration of adenosine triphosphate was decreased 15-20% at 6 h, but was in the same range as that of the controls at 24 h. The adenosine monophosphate concentration of mouse liver increased 4-fold and 2-fold at these times after partial hepatectomy, respectively. The results indicate no direct relationship between the energy metabolism and the uptake and incorporation of orotic acid into RNA of regenerating liver. The activity of mouse plasma lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH 5) was increased 12-fold at 6 h and 5-fold at 24 h after partial hepatectomy. In rat, the LDH 5 activity was increased 2-fold at 6 h but was not different from that of the controls at 24 h. An increased leakage of LDH 5, possibly related to the decreased energy content of the liver, was thus revealed by the partially hepatectomized mice.
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PMID:Possible significance of changes in the energy metabolism for the release of liver lactate dehydrogenase and for the uptake and incorporation of [14C]-orotic acid into liver ribonucleic acid after partial hepatectomy. 615 85

Discussion focuses on 3 of the most promising lines of current contraceptive research -- gossypol, vaccines, and GnRH analogues, considering both the scientific principles behind their development and the ethical implications of their future application. 1) Chinese scientists confirmed the antispermatogenic effects of cotton seed oil in animal experiments; in 1971 the active agent was identifed as gossypol. The 1st clinical trials were initiated in 1972 and thus far more than 8000 volunteers have been treated with a variety of gossypol preparations including native gossypol, gossypol acetic acid, and gossypol formic acid. The conventional contraceptive regime involves a loading dose of 20mg/day for 60-75 days followed by a maintenance dose of 50 mg/week. An undisclosed number of pregnancies have occurred. Reversibility seems to be a major problem since around 10% of men remain infertile after the cessation of gossypol intake. Other hazards of gossypol ingestion include fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, decreased libido, dizziness, and in 0.75% of cases hypokalaemic paralysis. The question arises as to whether it is right that 8000 Chinese men have been administered gossypol while ignorance concerning the toxicity and effectiveness of this compound prohibits its approval by any other government west of the Himalayas. 2) The development of a contraceptive vaccine would be appropriate to the needs of the Third World, the population of which will have doubled in 34 years to 6.6 billion. The advantages of vaccines are that they can be administered by paramedical personnel, they should provide a long-lasting protection against pregnancy, and they can take advantage of the service infrastructure existing in most developing countries for the administration of vaccines against disease. The zona pellucida and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are not the only candidates for an antifertility vaccine but they are the most promising. A 3rd but less attractive possibility is to immunize against sperm antigens. Possibly the most feasible sperm antigen for contraceptive development is a specific lactate dehydrogenase, isozyme, LDH-X. Both gossypol and vaccines will most likely find their ultimate application in developing countries where factors such as cost, ease of administration, and duration of action are paramount. 3) Progress has also recently been made with an alternative method more oriented toward the Western market. This approach involves the chronic administration of powerful analogues of the hypothalamic releasing hormone, GnRH, modified to contain a D-aminoacid in position 6 and, in some formulations, an ethylamide group in position 10 to prolong the half-life of the agonist "in vivo." Recent clinical trials have noted some variability in the responsiveness of individuals to chronic treatment with GnRH analogues, administered in the form of a nasal spray. The optimum protocol for administering GnRH has yet to be determined.
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PMID:New techniques in contraception: gossypol, vaccines and GnRH analogues. 636 84


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