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The aim of the study was to investigate chronological and subjective age and gender differences in terms of the physical, mental, and social demands of work. Subjects, 88 women and 25 men, were workers in a medical setting who completed the Survey of Health Care Professionals. Subjects' reports of effort required by their work, tiredness resulting from their work, and personal skills needed to complete their work were used to assess the physical, mental, and social demands of work. Subjective age measures included cognitive age, desired age, and comparative age. Results showed that, compared to men, women reported being more tense as a result of the work. Age differences were found in the physical and mental skills required by the work. Older workers had lower estimates of their own skills than younger workers. Three measures of subjective age showed different patterns of relationships with aspects of work demands.
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PMID:Chronological and subjective age in relation to work demands: survey of Croatian workers. 1192 9

Factors such as shift work, sleep deprivation, and noise affect job performance in part because they affect individuals' levels of arousal. Recent work on arousal has identified two distinct forms of arousal that affect performance in very different ways. Tense arousal represents a continuum from calmness to anxiety, whereas energetic arousal reflects a continuum from tiredness to energy. The three studies reported here sought to determine the usefulness of breaking down energetic arousal still further, into dimensions of wakefulness and vigor. In the first study, a factor analysis of self-reported psychological state data determined that wakefulness and vigor did form separate factors. The second study found that the circadian rhythms of wakefulness and vigor differed; wakefulness increased over the day, whereas vigor peaked at noon. The third study examined the relationship between the two types of arousal and performance on a reading comprehension task. Although both wakefulness and vigor showed an association with performance, only vigor showed the inverted-U-shaped relationship embodied in the Yerkes-Dodson law. These data suggest that distinguishing between wakefulness and vigor will clarify how changes in arousal levels affect productivity. These results also suggest that the schedule for optimal performance of tasks depends on whether they are facilitated by either wakefulness or vigor.
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PMID:Dimensions of arousal: wakefulness and vigor. 1250 60

Seventy unwed pregnant patients in states of mild to moderate depression evidenced by one or more symptoms (tenseness, "nervousness," crying spells, listlessness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, insomnia and overeating), received informal psychotherapy and a sustained-release capsule combining d-amphetamine sulfate and amobarbital.Forty-eight patients had complete or substantial relief of symptoms, 15 had partial relief, seven had slight or no relief. Use of the preparation seemed to make tense, "nervous" patients more communicative and amenable to counseling, but was less effective in listless, easily fatigued patients. Because of its direct mood-alleviating action and its ability to facilitate psychotherapy, the d-amphetamine sulfate-amobarbital combination proved a very effective treatment for mild and moderate depression accompanying pregnancy.
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PMID:Prepartum depression; a study of seventy unwed mothers treated with d-amphetamine sulfate and amobarbital. 1352 17

"Premonitory symptoms and signs" before the full-blown stage of schizophrenia are recognized as abnormal expressions (signs) and symptoms of "early schizophrenia", as described by Nakayasu (1990). The following conclusions were derived from my examination of the effects of atypical antipsychotics on six patients suffering from 'the premonitory symptoms and signs' in 'the premonitory state of schizophrenia'. 1) Even though hyperventilation, fatigue and a depressive state existed in the foreground at the first medical examination, we suspected 'the premonitory state of schizophrenia', and investigated symptoms of 'early schizophrenia' as described by Nakayasu, in cases in which abnormal expressions such as stiff facial expression and specific tense and perplexed attitude were observed. 2) In cases in which 'the premonitory symptoms and signs' were observed, we introduced treatment with atypical antipsychotics as soon as possible. Hyperventilation and a depressive state, which were considered to be induced by 'the premonitory state of schizophrenia', disappeared as a result of the improvement of 'the premonitory symptoms and signs' by the atypical antipsychotics. 3) Risperidone, perospirone, and olanzapine were effective for so-called "positive early symptoms". Risperidone, which is expected to have an acute effect, was effective in cases in which early intervention was necessary. When a depressive state was secondarily induced by risperidone, a change to perospirone was useful. Furthermore, when risperidone and perospirone were not sufficiently effective, olanzapine improved 'the premonitory symptoms and signs'. 4) In cases in which so-called "negative early symptoms" and a decrease in the energy-potential, such as emotional blunting, were observed, olanzapine induced improvement. 5) In 'the premonitory state of schizophrenia', treatment with atypical antipsychotics should be maintained, for both the improvement of 'the premonitory symptoms and signs' and the prevention of progression to the full-blown stage. The dose and duration of the treatment with antipsychotics should be carefully modified, with consideration for the specificity of the life cycle and life events for each patient. In conclusion, treatment with atypical antipsychotics was useful for both the improvement of 'the premonitory symptoms and signs of schizophrenia' and the prevention of the development of pathogenesis.
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PMID:[Treatment of "the premonitory state of schizophrenia" with atypical antipsychotics]. 1570 May 33

To understand the relation between fatigue and patients emotional situation at the end of life, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between multidimensional aspects of fatigue, emotional functioning and quality of life (QoL) in patients with advanced cancer at the end of life. Patients with advanced cancer answered fatigue related measurements (Borg Category Ratio-10 scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20, Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30), when admitted for specialised palliative care. A total of 228 patients with a median length of survival of 63 days were included. In relation to time of survival, fatigue increased closer to death, in both global and multidimensional aspects, as well as the patient's experience of being sleepy. Marital status was found to affect the experience of fatigue in both global and multidimensional ratings of fatigue. The association between the experience of fatigue and feelings of being tense, worried, irritable or depressed and rated QoL decreased and was not evident closer to death. Fatigue in all dimensions increased, as patients got closer to death. The association between fatigue and both QoL and negative emotions faded away during the last days and weeks of life.
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PMID:Fatigue dimensions in patients with advanced cancer in relation to time of survival and quality of life. 1895 49

Stress can both impair and enhance memory retrieval. Glucocorticoids mediate impairing effects of stress on memory retrieval. Little is known, however, about factors that facilitate post-stress memory performance. Here, we asked whether stress-induced arousal mediates facilitative stress effects on memory retrieval. Two arousal dimensions were separated: tense arousal, which is characterized by feelings ranging from tension and anxiety to calmness and quietness, and energetic arousal, which is associated with feelings ranging from energy and vigor to states of fatigue and tiredness. Fifty-one men (mean age +/- SEM: 24.57 +/- 0.61 years) learned emotional and neutral words. Memory for these words was tested 165 min later, after participants were exposed to a psychosocial stress or a non-arousing control condition. Changes in heart rate, self-reported (energetic and tense) arousal, and saliva cortisol in response to the stress/control condition were measured. Overall, stress impaired memory retrieval. However, stressed participants with large increases in both tense and energetic arousal performed comparably to controls. Neither salivary cortisol level nor autonomic arousal predicted memory performance after controlling for changes in energetic and tense arousal. The present data indicate that stress-induced concurrent changes in tense and energetic arousal can compensate for impairing effects of stress on memory retrieval. This finding could help to explain some of the discrepancies in the literature on stress and memory.
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PMID:A combination of high stress-induced tense and energetic arousal compensates for impairing effects of stress on memory retrieval in men. 2066 40

We report this case of secondary amyloidosis associated with Castleman's disease. A 51-year-old man presented with systemic symptoms of generalized weakness, fatigue, unintended weight loss, anorexia and progressively worsening abdominal distension. On examination he was found to have an indurated right-sided submandibular mass and tense ascites. He was found to have multiorgan dysfunction with deranged liver function tests and renal failure. Ascitic fluid analysis revealed evidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Biopsy of the submandibular mass revealed angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia consistent with a diagnosis of Castleman's disease. A subsequent liver biopsy showed extensive deposition of amyloid protein. Bone marrow biopsy also showed the presence of amyloid and increased kappa light chain-restricted plasma cells. The patient was not considered a candidate for chemotherapy or solid organ transplantation in view of active sepsis and poor physical condition. Secondary systemic amyloidosis complicating Castleman's disease is very rare. Untreated secondary systemic amyloidosis often has a rapidly fatal course, such as seen in our patient.
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PMID:Systemic Reactive Amyloidosis Associated with Castleman's Disease. 2434 20

Fatigue is a noticeable and highly prevalent symptom in tense, industriously, and economically affluent modern society. Therefore, new antifatigue agents to smooth the fatigue feature are an energetic topic. The total ethanol extract (ESI) of Saussurea involucrata Kar et Kir., known as Tian-Shan snow lotus, was evaluated for antifatigue activity in ICR mice with mice forced swimming test and the determination of the contents of blood lactic acid and serum urea nitrogen. ESI (0.05, 0.15, 0.25 g/kg) was administered orally to mice for 4 weeks. The average swimming times to exhaustion of the ESI-treated ICR mice (0.15, 0.25 g/kg) were prolonged by 132% and 180% (p<0.001) with a lessening of fatigue compared with that of the control group. Analysis of biochemical parameters showed that levels of serum urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid of experimental groups were also decreased significantly (p<0.001) compared with that of the control group. The antioxidant activity of ESI was investigated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay and the hydrogen peroxide-induced luminol chemiluminescence assay and the results indicated that ESI exerts DPPH scavenging ability and reducing power. These results provide scientific evidence that S. involucrata may have been potential as an antifatigue agent.
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PMID:Antifatigue and Antioxidant Activity of Alcoholic Extract from Saussurea involucrata. 2471 7

Despite the majority of patients with McArdle disease reporting symptoms including fatigue, cramps and episodes of myoglobinuria from early childhood, diagnosis is often delayed by several decades. Additionally, many individuals with rhabdomyolysis remain undiagnosed. The occurrence of symptoms during exercise, particularly isometric muscle contraction such as heavy lifting, is well known in McArdle disease. However, isometric muscle contraction that occurs with emotion is not recognised as exercise and may be missed as a trigger for rhabdomyolysis, potentially leading to a delay in diagnosis. Three patients are presented here, all with symptoms from childhood including episodes of rhabdomyolysis induced by tense emotional situations without physical exertion; two patients reported recurrent episodes while watching rather than playing football. The remaining patient developed rhabdomyolysis during a heated argument. These patients' histories emphasise the risk from sustained isometric muscle contraction that occurs in emotive situations for patients with McArdle disease.
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PMID:Emotionally-intense situations can result in rhabdomyolysis in McArdle disease. 2529 80

The concept of operational fatigue, a term first used during the Second World War, was subsequently extended to encompass a vague series of psychological disorders. This article looks back at an overseas operation in Afghanistan, during the summer of 2011, where the tense background situation, casualties and fatalities resulted in some members of the commando parachute units suffering from such conditions.
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PMID:[Operational fatigue: debriefing from Kapisa, Afghanistan]. 2656 93


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