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 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since ancient times man tried to understand the roots of his obviously often irrational behaviour. According to the prevailing "Zeitgeist", hypotheses for it ranged from demonical possession, psychological schools of thought to the role of transmitter substances at the synaptic level. For ages it has been observed and described, that men goes in his development through typical and predictable phases with their typical crises. Poets knew and wrote about it since the dawn of culture but science got interested in it only in this century. Elliot coined the term "midlife crisis" in 1965, turning attention to an age-group which was before practically ignored by psychology. He pointed out that due to a collision between developmental factors and a static identity a crisis occurred in human beings, characterized by a feeling of despair, goallessness, fatigue and consciousness of significant basic anxiety. In response to such pressures a change of comportment takes place which puzzles the people closest to the stricken. Established patterns of behaviour seem to dissipate in favour of unusual, unexpected, adolescent or even crazy actions. Many examples from history, ranging from Dante to Gauguin seem to prove the point. Realizing the presence of the crisis and its origin and interpreting it as a call for change, reorientation and new definition of priorities present a great chance to adjust one's life at this important turn. It is of great importance to recognize, that changes must take place in one's inner values and that trying to escape into frenzied activities leads nowhere.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Midlife crisis: crisis in the middle of life]. 175 83

In 1985 and 1987 we asked by a questionnaire the families how chemotherapy was experienced by patients who had died from cancer in the period 1980-1986 and by themselves. The questionnaire was sent to the families of 201 patients. 150 were returned, of which 137 could be used. Alopecia, worrying, fatigue and nausea are the most serious complaints for the patient. Crying and despair of the patient weighed most heavily on the family. Although 69% of the patients experienced chemotherapy as a heavy, a very heavy or an extremely intolerable burden, also 69% of the patients experienced the prolonging of life by chemotherapy as much, very much or exceedingly worthwhile. The families' judgments about the complaints are in agreement with those of patients in another research. The results are useful for giving information to patients who will undergo chemotherapy.
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PMID:[Prolonging of life with cytostatic agents: is it worthwhile? A questionnaire survey of relatives]. 281 12

Forty-six patients with senile dementia and their primary caregivers were studied. The strain score of the caregiver and the mental and behavioural deviation of the patients were estimated. Memory problems, listlessness, apathetic, critical and demanding behaviour and urinary incontinence were the most disturbing features of the patients. Eighty-five percent of the caregivers felt despair and anger and 75% complained of chronic fatigue. There was a statistical significant correlation between caregivers strain on one hand, and duration of symptoms, degree of dementia and deviation of behaviour on the other hand. Elderly women caring for their husbands and daughters caring for their parents were especially at risk. Future services must concentrate on maintaining the ability of caregivers to proceed the caring task.
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PMID:Strain on caregivers of demented elderly people living at home. 335 94

Minaprine (3-[2-morpholino-ethlamino]-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridazine dihydrochloride; 30038CM; trade name in France: Cantor) is a new psychotropic drug. The therapeutic profile of minaprine differs from that of other known psychotropic agents; in man the drug antagonizes the "inhibitory syndrome" characterized by decreased spontaneous activity, reduction in basic drives, slowed thoughts, feelings of tiredness and social withdrawal. Preliminary clinical trials have indicated that minaprine may also be effective in certain depressive states. This finding prompted us to study the effects of minaprine in animal models for depression. Like most antidepressants minaprine antagonizes behavioral despair, but the effect exhibits a slow onset and maximal activity is reached 24 h after administration. Minaprine also antagonizes reserpine-induced ptosis, this effect has a rapid onset, and is long-lasting. In contrast, minaprine poorly antagonizes reserpine-induced hypothermia. Unlike most antidepressants minaprine does not potentiate yohimbine-induced lethality. Minaprine potently antagonizes prochlorperazine-induced catalepsy in rats and potentiates amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, suggesting that the drug may enhance dopaminergic transmission. Finally, minaprine does not antagonize either oxotremorine-induced tremors or physiostigmine-induced lethality. Taken together the results of the present study indicate that minaprine is active on certain, but not all, animal models for depression and suggest the drug may have a potential clinical utility in the treatment of human depressions.
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PMID:Pharmacological evaluation of minaprine dihydrochloride, a new psychotropic drug. 689 Mar 59

The aim of the present study was to develop a theoretical understanding of elderly patients' experiences of pain and distress in intensive care, using a grounded theory approach. 18 patients, 7 women and 11 men, were interviewed and observed in an intensive care unit (ICU). Their average age was 76.5, varying from 70-85. A model was generated from data, according to which elderly patients' experiences of pain and distress in intensive care can be described as four interrelated aspects: a sensory, an intellectual, an emotional, and an existential dimension. 16 categories form the four dimensions. The categories, in turn, are grounded in a number of interview and observational data. The sensory dimension is formed by the categories physical pain, physical discomfort, fatigue, and breathing problems, and the intellectual dimension by the categories not knowing, difficulty in expressing oneself/not being understood and confused perception of reality. The categories in the emotional dimension are worry, fear, resignation, bitterness, anger/irritation and dependency. Finally, the existential dimension is formed by the categories despair, threat to life and death acceptance. The categories within the four dimensions may be separate, but often they interact and influence each other in various ways. The model is discussed in relation to existing models and definitions of pain, where the intellectual and existential dimensions in particular have not been emphasized in a similar way.
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PMID:Elderly patients' experiences of pain and distress in intensive care: a grounded theory study. 801 53

In this study, the meaning of the experience of being homeless as lived by 15 homeless women with dependent children is explored. The significance of being homeless is approached from what is known about the concept of home. Following a review of the literature, an identification of the sample, and an explanation of how data were collected, a three-level phenomenological method was utilized: description, reduction, and interpretation. The descriptive level generates seven themes: boundaries, connections, fatigue/despair, self-respect, self-determination, privacy, and mobility. The reduction level reveals three ways of being homeless: physical, social, and symbolic. The interpretation of the meaning of being homeless employs the metaphor of homelessness as a whirlpool. Implications for nursing and social policy are discussed.
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PMID:The meaning of being homeless. 848 48

We assessed the Quality of Life (QOL) of 116 patients with inoperable esophageal cancer who were mainly treated with radiotherapy between 1978 and 1993. Factors including dysphagia, weight loss, side effects of radiotherapy,P.S. and psychological status were assessed retrospectively. Dysphagia was assessed using a swallowing-function scoring system. Initial improvement in dysphagia occurred in 68% of the 71 assessable patients. Radiotherapy was also effective for the other symptoms, including swallowing pain, anterior chest pain and vomiting. Improvement rates were 73%, 60% and 82%, respectively. The major side effects were pain of the pharynx, general fatigue, epigastralgia and appetite loss. But most side effects resolved within 10 days after the end of radiotherapy. Improvement of dysphagia resulted in reduced weight loss of the patients. Average weight loss was about 3 kg/month before radiotherapy. This was reduced after radiotherapy to 0.78 kg/month in patients who had improvement of dysphagia and 1.69 kg/month for those without improvement. Improvement of dysphagia also affected favorably the psychological state of the patients. There were fewer cases of patient distrust of staff and less despair in those patients with improved dysphagia. Radiotherapy appears to contribute to better QOL in patients with inoperable esophageal cancer.
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PMID:[QOL after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer]. 879 47

Women experiencing breast cancer are confronted with a live threatening disease and find themselves in a situation that changes and restricts their life psychologically, physically and socially. This qualitative investigation examined the experience of living with breast cancer from the perspective of newly diagnosed women. Ten women were interviewed at the end of their radiotherapy. The interviews are analysed with the method of content analysis. The findings show three domains. First domain: From living in fear of having breast cancer to the confirmation of its diagnosis. These women perceive the confirmation of the diagnosis as a shock and initially plunge into an existential crisis. The life threatening disease with an unpredictable future, feelings of vulnerability, uncertainty, hopelessness and anxiety often make them depressed. They need all their energy to maintain control over their life, by suppressing emotions to protect themselves from overwhelming feelings and suffering. Second domain: Experiencing the therapy. The women undergo weakening aggressive and invasive treatment regimes, leaving them in a condition worse than before. Physically exhausted, they sometimes don't know how to go through and overcome this time. Lack of energy, tiredness and fatigue are ongoing problems. Being diagnosed with breast cancer, the suddenly become patients, having to cope with a complex healthcare system. From doctors and nurses they expect empathy, caring and expertise. When in contact with health care, they often hide their suffering, while in fact, they are extremely vulnerable and in deep despair. Third domain: Hold out and live. Women living with breast cancer have no choice but to go through this situation. By motivating their self they regain and mobilise their vital energy. They try to suppress their suffering and dark, intrusive memories. Support from relatives is very important, however, such women tend to protect them from their suffering. The definition of the role of these relatives and their suffering remain unclear. In a future study, research is needed to determine precisely which psychosocial variables are effective in promoting greater health for women with breast cancer and their families, taking into consideration the dynamic of the relationship between women with breast cancer and their relatives as well as the influence of their mutual support.
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PMID:[Experiencing the disease of breast cancer and getting life under control again]. 1639 99

Work-related stress emanating from close interpersonal contact with patients with cancer and their families may result in physical, emotional, social, and spiritual adversity for oncology nurses. The negative result of this cumulative distress has historically been referred to as burnout. However, this dated term does not truly depict the result of the longitudinal workplace ramifications of sadness and despair on nursing staff. This article proposes that the phrase compassion fatigue replace the outdated notion of burnout in describing this phenomenon. Although not clearly and uniformly described in the literature, this occurrence is seen regularly in clinical practice and is conceptually known by nurses. Limited information is available about interventions to manage compassion fatigue; therefore, a national survey was conducted to identify resources available to oncology nurses to counter this phenomenon. Participants provided information about the availability of interventions in three major categories: on-site professional resources, educational programs, and specialized retreats. The availability of resources ranged from 0%-60%. Survey findings, along with narrative comments by respondents, provide relevant information for oncology nurses and their employers. By recognizing the perils of inattention to this frequent nursing phenomenon and the scope of existing workplace options that may augment nurse coping, oncology nurses' recognition and management of this entity may be enhanced. Organizations also may be encouraged to periodically inventory their support and lobby for workplace interventions to manage this critical work-related issue.
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PMID:Interventions to manage compassion fatigue in oncology nursing. 2302 26

Fatigue is a common and distressing symptom that is a concern for cancer patients, their families, carers and health professionals. Cancer-related fatigue is a multidimensional phenomenon that is self-perceived and includes physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural components. It can be unrelenting, disrupts daily life, fosters helplessness and may culminate in despair. The many causes of cancer-related fatigue stem from the disease itself, the cancer treatments and their side effects. The conclusion from a recent critical review of research evidence is that physical exercise and the treatment of underlying problems, such as anaemia or clinical depression, are effective interventions. However, a wide range of practical interventions and complementary therapies are likely to be helpful such as: acupressure and acupuncture, stress management and relaxation, energy conservation measures, anticipatory guidance and preparatory information, and attention-restoring activities. This article will provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge surrounding cancer-related fatigue and the nursing interventions that can be implemented in community practice.
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PMID:Cancer-related fatigue: a review of nursing interventions. 2045 21


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