Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oral oltipraz, as a single-dose treatment, was evaluated as a chemopreventive agent in 31 normal subjects. In a subset of subjects, the relationship between plasma oltipraz concentrations and the induction of lymphocyte glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme levels was evaluated. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed nonlinear disposition of oltipraz with disproportionate 40-fold increase and 9.5-fold decrease in peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and p.o. clearance, respectively, over the dose range of 100-500 mg. There was no correlation between the oltipraz dose and the absorption rate or the time to reach Cmax. Since oltipraz undergoes extensive metabolism, saturable first-pass elimination could be one of the sources of nonlinearity. Pharmacodynamic evaluation was conducted based on the percentage of elevation of GSH and GST levels over baseline in lymphocytes of subjects receiving 100 mg and 125 mg oltipraz. Induction was observed in both dose groups with a time lag between the maximum concentrations of oltipraz and that of GSH or GST. We also observed a linear correlation between oltipraz Cmax and the corresponding GSH and GST elevations. Subjects with higher Cmax values showed a greater increase over baseline in the GSH and GST levels. Mild toxicities were observed at all dose levels. The most common were flatulence, hunger, fatigue, and headache. These preliminary results indicate that oltipraz may be effective in inducing GSH and GST, an enzyme capable of carcinogen elimination.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oltipraz as a chemopreventive agent. 981 4

Dieting or a change in eating habits is the most widely used approach aimed at reducing body weight. However, it is also well known that many obese people cannot reduce body weight substantially, no matter how hard they try, and that they soon regain whatever they do lose. The conventional approach to the treatment of obesity is to control it by prohibition or suppression of overeating, and by orders to change eating habits. This paper presented and examined a new psychosomatic approach for obesity (NPAO). Taking the story of "The North Wind and the Sun" from Aesop's Fables as a metaphor, this hypothesis is based on the reduction of overstressors through a "Sun"-type approach as opposed to a "North Wind"-type approach. This "Sun"-type approach, which incorporates 2 principles and 3 basic rules, is useful in decreasing stressors such as prohibition, suppression and orders, and increasing pleasantness, which competes with unpleasant stress. The treatment based on this hypothesis was applied to 77 subjects: 62 men (age 46.2 +/- 8.0 years) and 15 women (age 50.6 +/- 4.5 years). All subjects were given medical checks just before and 6 months after the psychosomatic approach for obesity. For a proportion of cases, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured before and after. In the practiced group (48 cases) except for three persons who had stopped the program within 3 months after the start, body weight and body mass index fell significantly by 5.2 kg (p < 0.001) and 2.0 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) respectively, after 6 months. There were significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 respectively). VO2max, however, increased significantly (p < 0.05). The subjects' impressions of this therapy, collected after 6 months were as follows: "It was comfortable" 67.7%, "It was hard going" 8.8%, "My body has become lighter" 79.4%, "I have become more energetic" 70.5%, and "I have become happier" 64.7%. During the period of the therapy, there was no report of any appearance of new physical or mental abnormalities such as fatigue or uncomfortableness. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in any parameters except for an increase of blood sugar in the non-practiced group (26 cases). These results strongly indicate that the NPAO is easy in practice, has a high success rate, shows no rebounding, reduces body weight safely, and results in an increase of vigor.
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PMID:Proposal of a new hypothesis for the psychosomatic treatment of obesity and its application. 1053 2

This review focuses on the physiological, behavioural and environmental factors which predispose to frostbite. Also prevention of frostbite is summarised. Predisposing factors may increase heat loss, decrease heat production, decrease the insulation of the clothing, make people especially susceptible to cold or make them to behave inadequately. Marked increase in convective or conductive heat loss is often the immediate reason for frostbite. Wind (as described by wind chill index) increases convective heat loss and touching of metal objects increases conductive cooling. Poor insulation of the clothing is also a common reason of frostbite. The insulation can be insufficient when clothing is wet, tight, permeable to wind or does not cover the cold sensitive body parts. Individual factors predisposing to frostbite are inadequate behaviour, low physical fitness, fatigue, dehydration, earlier cold injuries, sickness or poor circulation in peripheral parts of the body. Frostbite is often associated with the use of alcohol. To prevent frostbite, it is necessary to recognise cold risks, practise tasks in the cold, eat and drink well, have physical exercise, have sufficient clothing (also spare clothing), change into dry clothing if necessary and take care of companions. In the cold it is not advisable to get fatigued until exhaustion, sweat excessively, use tight and/or wet clothing, drink alcohol, smoke and expose oneself unnecessarily to wind, metals or fluids.
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PMID:Predisposing factors and prevention of frostbite. 1099 28

A European multicentre, open-label 12-month study with Sandostatin LAR administered intramuscularly at 4-week intervals was initiated in 151 acromegalics responsive to octreotide. All patients received 3 injections of the 20 mg dose, following which the dose was adjusted to 10 mg in patients with mean 4-hour GH serum concentrations below 1 microgram/L (N: 29) and to 30 mg in patients with concentrations above 5 micrograms/L (N: 22). The GH level suppression was significant in the 20 mg dose group (p < 0.01) and for all 151 patients (p < 0.004), and was consistently maintained in all patients for the duration of the study. The suppression of the mean serum GH concentration to below 2.5 micrograms/L was recorded in 69.8% of patients at the endpoint treatment with Sandostatin LAR and 65.8% during prior treatment with Sandostatin s.c. A consistent suppression of serum IGF-I levels was also achieved. The number of patients with headache, fatigue, perspiration, joint pains and paresthesias had decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after the 6t]h injection of Sandostatin LAR vs. previous s.c. treatment. No patient discontinued the study because of drug-related adverse events. The most frequently reported adverse events were mild diarrhea, abdominal pain and flatulence. The local tolerability was very good. No impairment of safety hematology, biochemistry and thyroid function tests and no increased incidence of gallstone formation was recorded. Well tolerated and at least as efficacious as the s.c. formulation, Sandostatin LAR might become an alternative primary treatment to pituitary surgery and radiotherapy.
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PMID:Results of a European multicentre study with Sandostatin LAR in acromegalic patients. Sandostatin LAR Group. 1108 Nov 88

After a brief outline of some early theories about the effects of thin air, the attempt of Joseph Ch. Hamel on Mont Blanc in 1820 is described. The Russian physician had postulated that lack of oxygen was responsible for muscular weakness at altitude and therefore had planned to study the oxygen content of air and blood on the summit and to administer oxygen to see if it improved performance. During the ascent he observed "pneumatic flatulence," shortness of breath, and fatigue. Shortly before the summit, an avalanche, which killed three of his guides, stopped and terminated the expedition. Although Hamel may have lacked the necessary equipment, he was among the first to try to test his hypothesis on altitude effects by experiments.
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PMID:Mont Blanc with oxygen: the first rotters. 1180 96

Intermittent claudication (IC) is leg muscle pain, cramping and fatigue brought on by exercise and is the primary symptom of peripheral arterial disease. The goals of pharmacotherapy for IC are to increase the walking capacity/quality of life and to decrease rates of amputation. In 1988, pentoxifylline was the only drug that had reasonable supportive clinical trial evidence for being beneficial in IC. Since then a number of drugs have shown benefit or potential in IC. Cilostazol, a specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 and activator of lipoprotein lipase, clearly increases pain-free and absolute walking distances in claudicants. However, cilostazol does cause minor side effects including headache, diarrhoea, loose stools and flatulence. Naftidrofuryl, a serotonin (5-HT2) receptor antagonist and antiplatelet drug, is beneficial in claudicants. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation (including nitric oxide from L -arginine or glyceryl trinitrate) and anticoagulants (low molecular weight heparin, defibrotide) probably have both short and long-term benefits in IC. In addition, intravenous infusions of prostaglandins (PGs) PGE1 and PGI2 have an established role in severe peripheral arterial disease and the recent introduction of longer lasting and/or oral forms of the PGs makes them more likely to be useful in the IC associated with less severe forms of the disease. There are some exciting new approaches to the treatment of IC, including propionyl-L-carnitine and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy of intermittent claudication. 1182 12

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep abnormalities, and distress. Because FMS lacks consistent evidence of tissue abnormalities, recent investigations have focused on central nervous system mechanisms of pain. Abnormal temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) and central sensitization have been described recently in patients with FMS. Wind-up and central sensitization, which rely on central pain mechanisms, occur after prolonged C-nociceptor input and depend on activation of nociceptor-specific neurons and wide dynamic range neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Other abnormal central pain mechanisms recently detected in patients with FMS include diffuse noxious inhibitory controls. These pain inhibitory mechanisms rely on spinal cord and supraspinal systems involving pain facilitatory and pain inhibitory pathways. Brain-imaging techniques that can detect neuronal activation after nociceptive stimuli have provided additional evidence for abnormal central pain mechanisms in FMS. Brain images have corroborated the augmented reported pain experience of patients with fibromyalgia during experimental pain stimuli. In addition, thalamic activity, which contributes significantly to pain processing, was decreased in fibromyalgia. However, central pain mechanisms of fibromyalgia may not depend exclusively on neuronal activation. Neuroglial activation has been found to play an important role in the induction and maintenance of chronic pain. These findings may have important implications for future research and the treatment of fibromyalgia pain.
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PMID:Evidence of involvement of central neural mechanisms in generating fibromyalgia pain. 1212 81

Dientamoeba fragilis is a non-enteroinvasive, protozoan parasite of the human large intestine with a worldwide prevalence. Considered for years to be a non-pathogenic organism, more recent studies suggest that up to 25% of adult hosts and up to 90% of infested children may manifest clinical disease. D. fragilis infestation has been implicated in chronic gastrointestinal syndromes characterized by protean complaints such as post-prandial abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, flatulence, fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss. Rarely, D. fragilis infestation is the etiology of acute abdominal pain, mimicking a surgical abdomen. A case report is presented that details a patient with a 1-month history of vague abdominal complaints who presented to the Emergency Department with an apparent episode of acute appendicitis.
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PMID:Dientamoeba fragilis infection presenting to the emergency department as acute appendicitis. 1286 3

Several recent studies have found greater weight loss at 6 months among participants on a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) weight-loss diet compared with a low-fat (LF) weight-loss diet. Because most of these studies were not matched for calories, it is not clear whether these results are caused by decreased energy intake or increased energy expenditure. It is hypothesized that several energy-consuming metabolic pathways are up-regulated during a VLC diet, leading to increased energy expenditure. The focus of this study was to investigate whether, when protein and energy are held constant, there is a significant difference in fat and weight loss when fat and carbohydrate are dramatically varied in the diet. The preliminary results presented in this paper are for the first four of six postmenopausal overweight or obese participants who followed, in random order, both a VLC and an LF diet for 6 weeks. Other outcome measures were serum lipids, glucose, and insulin, as well as dietary compliance and side effects. Our results showed no significant weight loss, lipid, serum insulin, or glucose differences between the two diets. Lipids were dramatically reduced on both diets, with a trend for greater triglyceride reduction on the VLC diet. Glucose levels were also reduced on both diets, with a trend for insulin reduction on the VLC diet. Compliance was excellent with both diets, and side effects were mild, although participants reported more food cravings and bad breath on the VLC diet and more burping and flatulence on the LF diet.
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PMID:A randomized trial comparing low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets matched for energy and protein. 1560 61

Blastocystis hominis is now getting acceptance as an agent of human intestinal disease. B. hominis in stool samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals was evaluated as a possible cause of gastro-intestinal troubles. B. hominis was found in 106 (10.1%) out of 1050 individuals examined from six villages and one city in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate. The highest infection rate was in Manshayt El-Badawy village (25.47%), whereas Talkha City showed the lowest rate (4.73%). Age group 10-20 years had higher infection (13.3%). In twenty-three symptomatic patients, B. hominis represented the only causative parasitic agent. The most common symptoms were diarrhoea (30.4%), abdominal pain (26.1%), flatulence (21.7%). vomiting (13.1%) and fatigue (8.7%). High concentrations of B. hominis were found in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic ones with statistical significant difference (8.2 cells/100 x field versus 3.8 respectively). The mean number of B. hominis was significantly high in patients complaining of diarrhoea and abdominal pain.
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PMID:Blastocystis hominis among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. 1608 74


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