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It has been proposed that symptomatic mitral valve prolapse may be associated with a hyperadrenergic state and/or increased anxiety. To test this hypothesis, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety (STAI) scores and 24-hour urinary catecholamine collections were gathered from 11 children and adolescents without mitral valve prolapse, 6 with asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse, and 14 who had chest pain (some with additional symptoms of shortness of breath, palpitations, and fatigue). STAI scores and catecholamine excretion values were not significantly different between groups. Ten symptomatic patients were randomly assigned to either eight sessions of skin temperature biofeedback with daily home practice of relaxation-mental imagery techniques or an attention-placebo condition. Change in 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion values and STAI scores from baseline to end of treatment did not differ significantly between treatment and placebo conditions. Although not evident at the end of treatment, a significant decrease in chest pain was found in the biofeedback group at 6-month follow-up evaluation. In summary, results of this study did not show evidence of increased sympathetic tone or levels of anxiety in symptomatic pediatric patients with mitral valve prolapse. A behavioral treatment program using biofeedback and relaxation-mental imagery techniques was associated with decreased chest pain at 6-month follow-up.
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PMID:Symptomatic mitral valve prolapse in children and adolescents: catecholamines, anxiety, and biofeedback. 266 96

Based on analysis of 399 symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and the reported experience of others, we developed a clinical classification in order to improve nosology, provide better identification and promote insight into the mechanism of symptoms in patients with MVP. The heading of anatomic MVP designates those in whom symptoms or complications were primarily or directly related to valvular dysfunction and the heading of MVP syndrome designates those patients in whom symptoms cannot be explained on the basis of valvular dysfunction alone. Patients with MVP syndrome present with a symptom complex which results from various forms of neuroendocrine or autonomic dysfunction; the most common symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic phenomena, syncope, presyncope, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dyspnea and neuropsychiatric symptoms (Table 1). Mechanisms underlying the condition have been shown to include increased adrenergic activity, disturbances of catecholamine regulation, hyperresponsiveness to adrenergic stimulation, anomalous beta-adrenergic receptors, dysfunction of the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system, disturbances in renin-aldosterone regulation, decreased intravascular volume, diminished left ventricular diastolic volume in the upright position as well as abnormal secretion of atrial natriuretic factor (Table 2). In MVP syndrome, alterations of the heart, kidney, the adrenals and the autonomic nervous system coexist and interact, creating a complex "neuro-endocrine cardiovascular process" which may account for many of the symptoms otherwise unexplained on the basis of the valvular abnormality alone.
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse syndrome: neuro-endocrinological aspects. 284 39

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is due to a heterogeneous group of conditions that may affect the mitral valve or the mitral valve apparatus. Although MVP may progress later in life to frank mitral insufficiency requiring mitral valve repair or may predispose to bacterial endocarditis, in most cases it is a benign, idiopathic condition without serious consequences. However, many investigators have documented that MVP is often associated with a constellation of signs and symptoms, which appear to constitute a distinct syndrome. These associated findings include autonomic dysfunction, frequent complaints of chest pain, palpitations, orthostasis, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion and anxiety. Although the risk of significant myocardial dysfunction or bacterial endocarditis appears to be related to patient sex, age and the severity of valvular prolapse and insufficiency, there appears to be little or no relations between the extent of prolapse and the degree of autonomic dysfunction or the severity of symptoms of chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea on exertion and anxiety. The development of uniform diagnostic standards for mental disorders has helped to make it possible to identify several related entities, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia; patients with these disorders frequently somatize their anxiety and complain of many symptoms which may be seen in patients with MVP. Although several studies have reported an increased frequency of MVP in patients with anxiety disorders, recent studies suggest that the conditions are not linked. Iatrogenic cardiac neurosis is common in both groups of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse: from syndrome to disease. 332 70

Tricuspid valve prolapse is an infrequent echocardiographic finding that is most commonly associated with mitral valve prolapse. When compared with patients exhibiting isolated prolapse of the mitral valve, patients with tricuspid valve prolapse are somewhat older individuals with a slightly higher frequency of neurologic symptoms, fatigue, weakness, supraventricular arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation) and skeletal deformities. Tricuspid valve prolapse may serve as a marker of more-diffuse connective tissue abnormalities, and its identification also should prompt an echocardiographic search for evidence of prolapse and regurgitation of the other heart valves.
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PMID:Tricuspid valve prolapse. 353 7

The clinical and electrophysiological features and the natural history of median intra-His block with a normal resting electrocardiogram were studied: 11 patients had a fixed split H1-H2 potential with a spontaneous or induced block between H1 and H2. The patients (5 men and 6 women) were aged 17 to 70 years (average 53 years). Associated pathology included 2 cases of aortic stenosis (1 severe), 1 case of ischaemic heart disease (effort angina), 1 case of mitral valve prolapse and 2 cases of hypertension. The presenting symptoms were syncope (4 cases), dizziness (2 cases), effort angina (1 case) and tiredness (3 cases); 1 patient was asymptomatic. Holter monitoring (24 hours) was performed in 8 patients and s-owed paroxysmal conduction defects in 6 cases; 4 Mobitz II 2nd degree AV block, 1 3rd degree AV block with narrow QRS complexes and 1 case of blocked atrial extrasystoles at coupling intervals longer than 480 ms and sinus cycle lengths of over 800 ms. Exercise testing by bicycle ergometry (4 patients) was normal in 1 case and revealed Mobitz II 2nd degree AV block in 3 cases. Baseline electrophysiological studies showed an A-H1 interval ranging from 60 to 100 ms (average 78 ms), a H1-H2 interval of 20 to 40 ms (average 31 ms) and a H2-V interval of 30 to 50 ms (average 32 ms). Block between H1 and H2 was observed: "spontaneously" during electrophysiological investigation in 6 cases, after IV atropine in 1 case, during overdrive atrial pacing at rates slower than 150/min in 7 cases, after atrial extrastimulus with a functional intra-His refractory period of over 420 ms in 7 cases, after ajmaline in 3 of the 4 cases in which this test was performed. A cardiac pacemaker was implanted in 10 patients in whom the initial symptoms have all regressed; the remaining patient considered to be "epileptic" had another syncopal attack under therapy and was finally paced. This series demonstrates that the diagnosis of median intra-His block depends on precise electrophysiological criteria and should be looked for even when the presenting symptoms are atypical; some of our patients complained only of tiredness. The value of Holter monitoring and careful endocavitary investigation is emphasised. Median intra-His block should be distinguished from longitudinal and functional His bundle dissociation.
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PMID:[Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of median intra-His bundle block with normal electrocardiogram at rest]. 392 29

In symptomatic mitral valve prolapse patients (MVP): (1) the frequency and nature of symptoms were analyzed (n = 313); (2) metabolic studies were performed (n = 20), and (3) the response to isoproterenol infusions were studied (n = 16). Chest pain is more often the initial symptom in men; palpitations are more common initially in women. Fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea and arrhythmias are more frequent in women. Chest pain and neurologic events occur with the same frequency in both sexes. Women have more symptoms than men. MVP patients have normal thyroid function tests, normal plasma cortisol, normal diurnal variation of cortisol and normal 24-hour 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycortico-steroids excretion. They have a normal response to oral glucose but higher glucose and insulin levels than controls. MVP patients have increased 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion. Isoproterenol infusions produce symptoms in a dose-related fashion in MVP patients but not in controls. Isoproterenol infusion-related symptoms included chest pain (7), extreme fatigue (6), dyspnea (6), dizziness (4), numbness (2), panic attacks (2). Isoproterenol infusions produced a greater increase in heart rate in MVP patients compared to controls. Thus, MVP patients have increased catecholamines and hyperresponse to isoproterenol infusion which indicates that their symptoms may be catecholamine related or mediated. The complex relationships of MVP symptoms are not clear; the coexistence of anxiety states and MVP is one explanation; another equally plausible explanation is that MVP may be a specific marker for the symptom complex.
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse: a marker for anxiety or overlapping phenomenon? 636 71

Based on the findings of 50 patients with infective endocarditis, 37 affecting the aortic, six the mitral and seven both the aortic and mitral valves, in addition to analysis of predisposing factors, prominent signs and symptoms distinctive for the clinical entity were assessed (Tables 1 to 3). Preexistent conditions such as aortic valve lesions including bicuspid aortic valve as well as mitral valve lesions including mitral valve prolapse were proven in 66%. Factors which may have compromised host defense mechanisms such as cachexia and chronic alcohol or intravenous drug abuse were present in isolated cases. In 38% of the patients, a diagnostic or therapeutic manipulation, suspected to have given rise to the bacteremia, antedated the onset of endocarditis. Malaise, fatigue and chills were the most frequent symptoms (Table 4). Fever and cardiac murmurs were observed in all patients, anemia and bacteremia in 74% of the patients, respectively (Tables 4 to 6). In blood cultures, the most common microorganisms were found to be hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci accounting for 65% of positive findings, followed by enterococci and gram-negative bacteria each with 14% respectively (Table 6). Congestive heart failure predominated among cardiac complications with its occurrence in 84% of the patients. Valvular ring or myocardial abscess, aortic or sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, occasionally with perforation, were found in 24% of our patients. Coronary embolism was documented in 6%; infection-associated pericarditis was observed only rarely (Table 7). Extracardiac complications involved the skin, central nervous system, spleen and kidneys, respectively, in 20 to 30% of the patients. Complications afflicting the eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and the musculo-skeletal system were seen with a lesser frequency of 0 to 12% (Table 8). The diagnosis of infective endocarditis, rendered highly-probable by the constellation of fever, cardiac murmur, bacteremia and anemia, necessitates, however, confirmation through cardiac examinations. In this respect, electrocardiographic and radiologic findings are of limited value, although they may be useful in the detection of cardiac complications. In 6% of the patients, positive criteria for myocardial infarction were indicative of coronary embolism and, i 30%, atrioventricular or fascicular block suggested the presence of abscess formation (Table 9). As radiologic evidence of heart failure, 74% of the patients were found to have pulmonary vascular congestion (Table 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Detection and evaluation of infectious endocarditis]. 664 98

Symptoms of DaCosta's syndrome include effort fatigue and breathlessness, chest pain, palpitation, and dizziness. Considered purely functional and anxiety-related by DaCosta, the syndrome has since been related to the mitral valve prolapse (MVP) syndrome and autonomic hyperreactivity. We studied these specific symptoms in similar cohorts of 68 patients with and without documented MVP from a single practice of internal medicine and found only 6% of patients having MVP without symptoms compared to 25% of control subjects (P less than .01). Palpitation was present in 71% of patients with MVP and 33% of controls (P less than .001); dyspnea was noted by 50% of those with MVP and 28% of controls (P less than .02), and chest pain by 44% of patients with MVP and 25% of controls (P less than .01). Our results confirm reports that the symptoms of DaCosta's syndrome are more common in patients with MVP and may call the physician's attention to the proper diagnosis.
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse: its symptom complex and its association with DaCosta's syndrome. 669 16

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) now is a commonly recognized syndrome with an apparent prevalence of approximately 4-6%. It appears to occur more frequently in females and occasionally it is familial. In most instances, the syndrome is idiopathic, although it occurs in association with many other conditions, particularly Marfan's syndrome, rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, congestive cardiomyopathy, ostium secundum atrial septal defect, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or abnormalities of the thoracic cage. The majority of patients with the syndrome have minimal, if any, symptoms and have a benign course. When symptoms do occur, more frequently they are palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea on exertion or fatigue. Neuropsychiatric symptoms or even transient ischemic episodes may occur rarely. Very rarely, complications such as severe mitral regurgitation, arrhythmias or infective endocarditis may occur. Characteristically, patients have a midsystolic click, occasionally followed by a systolic murmur. The timing of the click and the onset of the murmur usually is variable, depending on the ventricular volume. The electrocardiogram frequently shows ST-T wave changes. The diagnosis usually can be confirmed by echocardiography or left ventricular angiography. Most patients with MVP require no treatment other than reassurance. If a systolic murmur is present, prophylaxis against infective endocarditis during dental work probably is useful. Patients with palpitations or chest pain usually respond well to treatment with propranolol. Patients with progressive severe mitral regurgitation require mitral valve replacement.
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse. 699 66

I studied the prevalence and symptoms of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse by auscultation in 972 consecutive patients in an adult general medical population. Forty-five patients (4.6%) had idiopathic mitral valve prolapse defined by a nonejection click with or without a late systolic murmur. The prevalence was not significantly different in men and women. The mean age (49.9 yr) and age distribution of patients with prolapse were similar to those of patients without prolapse (47.7 yr). The prevalence of dizziness (4.1% vs. 1.5%), fatigue (4.4% vs. 2.6%), and palpitations (4.4% vs. 1.3%), was not significantly greater in patients with or without prolapse. Atypical chest pain (13% vs. 4.3%) and chronic anxiety (8.8% vs. 2.9%) were more frequent (less than 0.05) in the patients with prolapse than in those without prolapse. Of the patients with prolapse, 29 were healthy without clinically identifiable diseases while 16 had medical diseases. In the group without prolapse, 184 patients were healthy and 707 had other diseases. When patients with isolated prolapse without other associated diseases were compared to healthy patients without prolapse, the prevalence of atypical chest pain (17.4% vs. 17.2%) and chronic anxiety (7.1% vs. 10.3%) were not significantly different. When patients with prolapse and other diseases were compared to patients without prolapse and other diseases, the prevalence of atypical chest pain (6.2% vs. 1.1%) and chronic anxiety (6.2% vs. 1.7%) was again not significantly different. Thirty-two patients without prolapse were suspected but not confirmed of having disease and were not included in this analysis. The results would have been unaltered by their inclusion in the diseased group without prolapse.
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PMID:Does mitral valve prolapse cause nonspecific symptoms? 711 10


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